今天聊聊evaluation，评价题是GRE逻辑题里比较简单的题，为何这么说。首先来聊聊何为评价？
简单说：加强、削弱都叫评价。无关的不能评价。
这意味着，在这种题目中，将会出现四个无关的选项，而剩下的那个选项，对它的回答将会加强原文，或者削弱原文。看例题。
Sleep deprivation is a known cause of workplace error, and many physicians frequently go without sleep for periods of 24 hours or more. However, few of these physicians have, in the course of a routine examination by a peer, been diagnosed with sleep deprivation. So there is little cause for concern that habitual sleep deprivation will cause widespread physician error.
The answer to which of the following questions would be most helpful in evaluating the argument?
A：Do physicians who have been diagnosed with sleep disorders also show signs of other ills not related to sleep deprivation?
B：Is the ability to recognize the symptoms of sleep deprivation in others significantly impaired by habitual sleep deprivation?
C：Do factors other than habitual sleep deprivation ever lead to errors in the workplace on the part of physicians?
D：Of people who have recently been treated by physicians, what percentage believe that many physicians have occasionally suffered from sleep deprivation?
E：Is the incidence of sleep deprivation higher among physicians than it is among other health care workers?
原文说：因为几乎没有医生被诊断出失眠，所以医生不可能因为失眠问题而发生工作失误。
选项A，那些有失眠的医生有没有别的病。就算有别的病和睡眠引发工作失误有什么关系？有的医生高血压就不能看病了？杀
选项B，有无可能检查医生本身就失眠，所以没看查出来医生失眠。（这不就是典型的秃子给秃子治脱发嘛）如果答案是Yes，那说明其实有很多医生其实失眠但没检查出来，那自然原文的结论成立的概率就低了。
选项C，有没有其他因素导致医生失误。其他因素导致失误和失眠导致工作失误有什么关系？杀掉
选项D，有多少病人觉得医生偶尔会失眠。太弱智的选项，杀掉
选项E，医生失眠的情形比别的医疗工作者高吗？比较对象错误，我关注的是失眠和没失眠的对比，而不是医生和别人的对比。杀掉
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再来一题。
A mouse’s immune system generally rejects proteins different from those produced by that mouse. The immune system of a pregnant mouse does not, however, reject the mouse’s fetuses, although the fetal tissue a fetus produces as it develops typically contains many such proteins. Some scientists hypothesize that the placenta surrounding the fetus physically blocks the mother’s immune system. But others, noting that the placenta produces IDO, an enzyme that suppresses the immune system, hypothesize that IDO plays a crucial role in protecting the fetus.
In order to choose between the two hypotheses, it would be most useful to determine which of the following?
A. Whether mice sometimes produce IDO when they are not pregnant
B. Whether the immune systems of fetal mice are capable of attacking the tissue of the mother
C. Whether there are cases in which the immune system of a pregnant mouse rejects some fetuses but not others
D. Whether IDO is the only substance capable of suppressing the immune system produced by mice
E. Whether the immune systems of pregnant mice that are given a drug that inhibits IDO production subsequently reject the fetus.
结论：1. 胚胎阻止了母体免疫系统的排异反应；2. 胚胎产生的IDO抑制了母体的免疫系统。典型的解释型论证，目的是为了解释为什么母体对别的蛋白质排异，但对胚胎的蛋白质不排异。
选项A，不怀孕的时候产生IDO和我讨论的有关系吗？我研究的是怀孕状态啊，干掉。
选项B，胚胎的免疫系统会不会攻击母体的器官？我讨论的是母体为什么会吸收胚胎的蛋白质，完全无关的选项，杀
选项C，有没有可能母体只排斥某些胚胎而不排斥其他？还是无关，我探讨的是原因。
选项D, IDO是不是唯一能抑制免疫系统的物质。这是个看起来似乎相关的选项，有的人会说，那如果还有其他物质能抑制免疫系统，那第二个解释不就不成立了么？（仔细想想，真的吗？？？）注意，确定IDO是不是唯一抑制免疫系统的物质无助于我解释怀孕母体为何不排斥fetus（即便是唯一，那不能排除fetus直接隔绝免疫系统的可能。不唯一，那就更不能说明哪个解释是对的了）。我要的是解释为什么不排异。而你却说只有IDO能压抑免疫系统，没有谈论为什么不排异啊，无关。
选项E，如果用药阻止了IDO后，母体仍然不排斥胚胎，这说明IDO没用，第二个解释错误。反之，第二个解释是对的。
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