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Python 经验 - 异步编程与 Asyncio

Python 经验 - 异步编程与 Asyncio

作者: 千反田爱瑠爱好者 | 来源:发表于2018-09-04 15:59 被阅读145次

    asyncio模块:asyncio是Python用于解决异步IO编程的整套解决方案。

    • 高并发编程三个要素:事件循环+ IO多路复用 + 回调函数(驱动生成器,即协程);
    • 包括各种特定系统实现的模块化事件循环(select、poll、epoll);
    • 传输和协议抽象;
    • 对TCP、UDP、SSL、子进程、延时调用以及其他的具体支持;
    • 模仿futures模块但适用于事件循环使用的Future类;
    • 基于yield from的协议和任务,可以顺序的方式编写并发代码;
    • 必须使用一个将产生阻塞IO的调用时,有接口可以把这个事件转义到线程池;
    • 模仿threading模块中的同步原语、可以用在单线程的协程之间;
    • 关键词async定义协程,await异步调用。

    基于asyncio的框架:tornado(实现可直接部署的web服务器)、gevent、twisted(scrapy,django channels),使用这些框架必须有对应的异步驱动支持(如tornado中使用pymysql则不能异步)。

    使用asyncio

    • 单线程,所有的函数调用都在loop中执行(如执行耗时操作则会等待完成后才执行下一个);
    • 使用await asyncio.sleep(2)time.sleep(2)的区别是前者会立即返回一个Future对象,下次循环的时候判断这个是否已经过2s,而不是阻塞等待。
    import asyncio
    import time
    
    # 定义异步函数
    async def get_html(url):
        print("start get url")
        await asyncio.sleep(2)
        # time.sleep(5)   # 协程是单线程执行,time.sleep是同步阻塞接口,不应在协程中实现
        print("end get url")
    
    start_time = time.time()
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()     # 创建事件循环(单线程:所有的函数调用都在loop中执行)
    tasks = [
        get_html("http://www.imooc.com") for i in range(10)
    ]
    loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))    # 类似join,等待协程执行完成才往下执行
    print(time.time() - start_time)
    

    获取协程返回值

    import asyncio
    import time
    from functools import partial
    
    async def get_html(url):
        print("start get url")
        await asyncio.sleep(2)
        return "ywh"
    
    def callback(url, future):
        print(url)
        print("send email to ywh")
    
    start_time = time.time()
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    # get_future = asyncio.ensure_future(get_html("http://www.imooc.com"))
    task = loop.create_task(get_html("http://www.imooc.com"))   # 创建一个任务,返回Future对象
    task.add_done_callback(             
        partial(callback, "http://www.imooc.com")           # 把callback包装可接收参数的偏函数
    )       # 执行get_html,完成后调用回调函数callback,最后再返回get_html的结果
    loop.run_until_complete(task)
    print(task.result())        # 获取Future对象的结果
    

    wait与gather:gather是更高层次的封装,可以将task分组管理;

    import asyncio
    import time
    
    
    async def get_html(url):
        print("start get url")
        await asyncio.sleep(2)
        print("end get url")
    
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        start_time = time.time()
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        tasks = [get_html("http://www.imooc.com") for i in range(10)]
        # loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(*tasks))
        # print(time.time() - start_time)
    
        group1 = [get_html("http://projectsedu.com") for i in range(2)]
        group2 = [get_html("http://www.imooc.com") for i in range(2)]
        
        group1 = asyncio.gather(*group1)
        group2 = asyncio.gather(*group2)
        group2.cancel()
        
        loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.gather(group1, group2))
        print(time.time() - start_time)
    

    协程的取消,嵌套

    import asyncio
    
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    loop.run_forever()                  # 一直运行不会停止
    loop.run_until_complete()           # 运行指定协程后停止
    

    取消future(task)

    import asyncio
    import time
    
    async def get_html(sleep_times):
        print("waiting")
        await asyncio.sleep(sleep_times)
        print("done after {}s".format(sleep_times))
    
    tasks = [get_html(2), get_html(3), get_html(4)]     # 模拟三个执行时长不同的任务
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    try:
        loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
    except KeyboardInterrupt as e:                  # 人为制造取消信号:捕捉键盘ctrl + c异常
        all_tasks = asyncio.Task.all_tasks()        # 不需要传入loop:自动从events.get_event_loop中获取loop,并获取loop中的所有task
        for task in all_tasks:                      # 获取所有tasks
            print(task.cancel())                    # 取消task,返回取消结果
        loop.stop()
        loop.run_forever()      # loop调用stop后必须重新调用run_forever,否则会抛出异常
    finally:
        loop.close()
    

    嵌套协程的调度过程(task -> print_sum -> compute):

    import asyncio
    
    # print_sum协程嵌套await_compute协程
    async def compute(x, y):                
        print("Compute %s + %s ..." %(x, y))
        await asyncio.sleep(1.0)                    # 3
        return x + y                                # 4
        
    async def print_sum(x, y):
        result = await compute(x, y)                # 2
        
        print("%s + %s = %s" %(x, y, result))       # 5
    
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    loop.run_until_complete(print_sum(1, 2))        # 1
    loop.close()
    
    1. 创建loop和需要提交到loop的task(通过task驱动协程执行),执行;
    2. 协程中的await相当于yield from,在task和compute子协程之间建立一个通道,此时进入compute调度,print_sum暂停;
    3. 子协程compute中的await表示暂停,不经过pring_sum、直接返回给task再返回给loop,等待1s;
    4. 1s过后,task经通道询问compute,compute计算好结果值会抛出异常(StopIteration)并返回计算结果,compute协程标记完成;
    5. print_sum捕捉到compute的异常、提取结果值,最后会把异常抛出给task,print_sum协程标记完成。

    call_at,call_soon,call_later,call_soon_threadsafe

    import asyncio
    
    def callback(sleep_times, loop):
        print("success time {}".format(loop.time()))
    
    def stoploop(loop):
        loop.stop()     
    
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    now = loop.time()
    loop.call_at(now + 2, callback, 2, loop)    # 当前时间的2s后执行
    loop.call_at(now + 1, callback, 1, loop)
    loop.call_at(now + 3, callback, 3, loop)
    # loop.call_soon(stoploop, loop)              # 退出循环
    loop.call_soon(callback, 4, loop)           # 立刻执行(在队列中等待到下一个循环即执行),另外还有call_later
    
    # 处理共享变量的线程安全问题可以使用call_soon_threadsafe
    loop.run_forever()
    

    集成线程池

    在协程中集成阻塞IO:对于阻塞的库和接口(如pymysql),协程中要使用多线程。

    import asyncio
    from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
    import socket
    import time
    from urllib.parse import urlparse
    
    def get_url(url):
        url = urlparse(url)
        host = url.netloc
        path = url.path
        client = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        # client.setblocking(False)
        client.connect((host, 80))  
        client.send("GET {} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:{}\r\nConnection:close\r\n\r\n".format(path, host).encode("utf8"))
        data = b""
        while True:
            d = client.recv(1024)
            if d:
                data += d
            else:
                break
    
        data = data.decode("utf8")
        html_data = data.split("\r\n\r\n")[1]
        print(html_data)
        client.close()
    
    start_time = time.time()
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(3)
    tasks = []
    for url in range(20):
        url = "http://shop.projectsedu.com/goods/{}/".format(url)
        task = loop.run_in_executor(executor, get_url, url)     # 指定线程池,将阻塞IO操作放入loop中,不影响系统运行
        # 把线程中的future包装成协程的future
        tasks.append(task)
    loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
    print("last time:{}".format(time.time() - start_time))
    

    模拟Http请求

    requests是同步的http请求模块,在asyncio不能达到异步的效果,而asyncio本身没有提供http协议的接口,可以使用aiohttp:

    import time
    import asyncio
    import socket
    from urllib.parse import urlparse
    
    async def get_url(url):
        url = urlparse(url)
        host = url.netloc
        path = url.path
        if path == "":
            path = "/"
    
        # 建立socket连接比较费时,使用await
        reader, writer = await asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)
        writer.write("GET {} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:{}\r\nConnection:close\r\n\r\n".format(path, host).encode("utf8"))
        all_lines = []
        async for raw_line in reader:    # 异步化的for循环
            data = raw_line.decode("utf8")
            all_lines.append(data)
        html = "\n".join(all_lines)
        return html
    
    async def main():
        tasks = []
        
        for url in range(20):
            url = "http://shop.projectsedu.com/goods/{}/".format(url)
            tasks.append(asyncio.ensure_future(get_url(url)))
        
        for task in asyncio.as_completed(tasks):
            result = await task
            print(result)
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        start_time = time.time()
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        loop.run_until_complete(main())
        print('last time:{}'.format(time.time() - start_time))
    

    future和task

    见asyncio源码

    同步与通信

    import aiohttp
    import asyncio
    from asyncio import Lock, Queue     # await,区别于多线程的Queue(阻塞)
    
    cache = {}
    queue = []      # 协程是单线程,因此使用list、dict就可以实现通信,而不会有线程安全问题
    lock = Lock()
    
    async def get_stuff(url):
        # 如果没有同步机制,此处可能会被两个协程都对同一个url发起请求(耗时、被反爬)
        async with lock:    # 加锁,避免parse_stuff和use_stuff同时执行这部分代码
        # 由__await__、__aenter__实现,等价于await lock.acquire()、lock.release()
            if url in cache:
                return cache[url]
            stuff = await aiohttp.request('GET', url)
            cache[url] = stuff
            return stuff
    
    async def parse_stuff():
        stuff = await get_stuff()
    
    async def use_stuff():
        stuff = await get_stuff()
    
    tasks = [parse_stuff(), use_stuff()]    # 当协程函数中没有await,则会按加入tasks顺序执行
    

    实例:基于Asyncio协程的高并发爬虫

    import re
    import asyncio
    import aiohttp
    import aiomysql
    from pyquery import PyQuery
    
    # https://www.lfd.uci.edu/
    
    
    stop_flag = False
    start_url = "http://www.jobbole.com/"
    waitting_urls = []
    seen_urls = set()
    sem = asyncio.Semaphore(3)
    
    
    async def fetch(url, session):
        """
        发送http请求
        :param url:
        :return:
        """
        async with sem:                 # 并发度控制
            await asyncio.sleep(1)      # 爬取速度控制
            try:
                async with session.get(url) as resp:
                    print('url statis: {0}'.format(resp.status))
                    if resp.status in [200, 201]:
                        data = await resp.text()
                        return data
            except Exception as e:
                print(e)
    
    
    def extract_urls(html):
        """
        从请求页面中获取下次要请求url
        :param html:
        :return:
        """
        urls = []
        pq = PyQuery(html)
        for link in pq.items('a'):
            url = link.attr('href')
            if url and url.startswith('http') and url not in seen_urls:
                urls.append(url)
                waitting_urls.append(url)
        return urls
    
    
    async def article_handler(url, session, pool):
        """
        获取文章详情并解析入库
        :param url:
        :param session:
        :return:
        """
        html = await fetch(url, session)
        seen_urls.add(url)
        extract_urls(html)
        pq = PyQuery(html)
        title = pq('title').text()  # 省略其他字段
        print(title)
        async with pool.acquire() as conn:
            async with conn.cursor() as cur:
                await cur.execute("sql")
                insert_sql = """
                    INSERT INTO xxx
                """
                print(cur.description)
                await cur.execute(insert_sql)
    
    
    async def init_urls(url, session):
        """
        解析页面,
        :param url:
        :param session:
        :return:
        """
    
        html = await fetch(url, session)
        seen_urls.add(url)
        extract_urls(html)
    
    
    async def consumer(pool, session):
        # async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:      # 发送http请求需要的session
        while not stop_flag:
            if len(waitting_urls) == 0:
                await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
                continue
            url = waitting_urls.pop()
            print('start get url: ' + url)
    
            # 详情页协程,解析页面内容、入库
            if re.match('http://.*?jobbole.com/\d+/', url):
                if url not in seen_urls:
                    asyncio.ensure_future(article_handler(url, session, pool))
    
            # 非详情页协程,进一步提取出详情页的url
            else:
                if url not in seen_urls:
                    asyncio.ensure_future(init_urls(url, session))
    
    
    async def main(loop):
        # 等待Mysql连接池建立
        pool = await aiomysql.create_pool(
            host='', port='', user='', password='', db='mysql', loop=loop, charset='utf8', autocommit=True
        )
        async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:      # 发送http请求需要的session
            html = await fetch(start_url, session)
            seen_urls.add(start_url)
            extract_urls(html)
    
            # consumer协程从url获取,动态向asyncio提交article_handler和init_urls协程
            asyncio.ensure_future(consumer(pool, session))
    
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
        asyncio.ensure_future(main(loop))
        loop.run_forever()
    

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