Most other answers are outdated. For Ubuntu 18.04 (or recent Debian distros), try:
sudo vmhgfs-fuse .host:/ /mnt/hgfs/ -o allow_other -o uid=1000
If the hgfs directory doesn't exist, try:
sudo vmhgfs-fuse .host:/ /mnt/ -o allow_other -o uid=1000
You may have use a specific folder instead of .host:/. In that case you can find out the share's name with vmware-hgfsclient. For example:
$ vmware-hgfsclient
my-shared-folder
$ sudo vmhgfs-fuse .host:/my-shared-folder /mnt/hgfs/ -o allow_other -o uid=1000
If you want them mounted on startup, update /etc/fstab with the following:
# Use shared folders between VMWare guest and host
.host:/ /mnt/hgfs/ fuse.vmhgfs-fuse defaults,allow_other,uid=1000 0 0
I choose to mount them on demand and have them ignored by sudo mount -a and the such with the noauto option, because I noticed the shares have an impact on VM performance.
Requirements
Software requirements may require installing the following tools beforehand:
sudo apt-get install open-vm-tools open-vm-tools-desktop
Others have claimed the following are required:
sudo apt-get install build-essential module-assistant \
linux-headers-virtual linux-image-virtual && dpkg-reconfigure open-vm-tools
Official Article
How to configure VMware Tools Shared Folders Linux mounts (60262)
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