Chimps will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
黑猩猩会以某种方式进行合作，比如召集战争各方来保卫自己领土。但除了作为社会存在的最低要求之外，他们几乎没有互相帮助的本能。野生黑猩猩自己寻找食物，甚至黑猩猩妈妈也经常拒绝与孩子分享食物，因为孩子从小就可以自己采集食物。
In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random - he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
在实验室里，黑猩猩也没有分享食物的天性。如果一只黑猩猩被放在笼子里，他可以为自己取一盘食物，也可以不用花多大力气，给隔壁笼子的邻居取一盘食物，他会胡乱取——他不在乎邻居是否有食物。黑猩猩真的很自私。
Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
另一方面，人类的孩子天生就会合作。很小的时候就渴望帮助他人，分享信息，参与实现共同目标。心理学家迈克尔·托马塞洛在一系列幼儿实验中研究了这种合作性。他发现，如果18个月大的婴儿看到一个没有亲缘关系的成年人正忙着开门，几乎所有婴儿都会立即尝试帮忙。
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
有几个理由相信，帮助、告知和分享的欲望不是教出来的，而是幼儿天生的。一是这些本能在很小的时候就出现了，大多数父母还没有开始训练他们的孩子学会社交。另一个原因是，如果孩子得到奖励，他们的帮助行为并没有得到改善。第三个原因是，至少与黑猩猩相比，儿童的社会智力在其一般认知能力之前就已经发展起来了。在托马塞洛进行的测试中，人类儿童在物理世界测试中的表现并不比黑猩猩好，但在理解社会世界方面却要好得多。
The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomaseuo calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
这是儿童大脑拥有而黑猩猩没有拥有的核心，托马塞洛称之为共享意向性。这种能力的一部分是他们可以推断出其他人知道或在想什么。但除此之外，即使很小的孩子也希望成为共同目标的一部分。他们积极寻求成为“我们”（致力于实现共同目标的团体）的一部分。
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