<p></p><section data-author="Wxeditor" style="max-width: 100%; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><h1 style="margin-top: 10px; font-size: 22px; font-family: 'Microsoft YaHei', SimSun, sans-serif, ����; line-height: 39.6px; text-align: center; white-space: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);"><strong><span style="font-size: 18px;">国外粪污处理经验谈</span></strong></span></h1><section data-author="Wxeditor" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><article class="" data-author="Wxeditor" style="margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><article class="" data-author="Wxeditor" style="margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="margin: 5px auto; max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: pre-wrap;">畜禽粪便污染无论是哪个国家都需要处理,美国、丹麦和荷兰养猪业享誉全世界,那他们的是怎么处理猪粪的呢?</strong></p></article></article></section></section><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">美国:<span style="line-height: 25.6px;">基于种养结合的畜禽粪便综合养分管理计划(CNMP)</span></span></strong></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.00625" data-src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/592a5a4520a9f81e.png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 556px !important; background-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);" width="100%" src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/592a5a4520a9f81e.png"/></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/54fec2663fe4258c.jpg" data-ratio="0.5923076923076923" data-w="520" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/54fec2663fe4258c.jpg"/></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
</p></section></section></section></section><p>由于国土辽阔、农田面积大,<span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);">美国提出了基于种养结合的畜禽粪便综合养分管理计划(CNMP)</span>,所有规模养殖场必须制定和实施CNMP,中小规模养殖场自愿实施,成功地解决了畜禽废弃物的环境污染问题。</p><p>
</p><p><span style="line-height: 1.6;">美国研究开发出畜禽粪便运输和利用、动物尸体堆肥处理的技术及其设备,开发应用养分平衡综合决策支持系统软件,为CNMP的有效实施提供了技术支持。</span>
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</p><p>通过农牧结合化解畜牧业环境污染。美国通过农牧结合来防治养殖污染,畜禽养殖液体废弃物不允许排放,在农场内部形成“饲草、饲料、肥料循环”的体系。</p><p>
</p><p>为确保粪便中的氮磷等养分含量,美国的猪场<strong>主要采用水泡粪方式</strong>,猪粪尿及污水长期贮存于猪舍下部的粪坑直至农田利用,或定期从猪舍下的粪坑转移到舍外专用贮存池直至农田利用;奶牛场采用干清粪方式,清理出的奶牛粪尿进入舍外的专用贮存池存放,然后进行农田利用;鸡场则采用机械干清粪方式,通过堆肥后利用或直接利用。</p><p>
</p><p>除农田利用外,当畜禽粪便的养分供应量超过农作物的养分需求或土地承载力时,<strong>为避免产生环境风险,美国养殖场会选用其他的粪污处理利用方法,如堆肥处理、厌氧发酵处理等</strong>,但这些技术在美国养殖场粪污处理中所占比重很小。</p><p> </p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/9d55c0d212c31390.jpg" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-ratio="0.6625" data-w="400" src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/9d55c0d212c31390.jpg"/></p><p>
</p><p><strong>严格的规模养殖场准入制度</strong>。在1997年的清洁水法里将工厂化养殖与工业和城市设施一样视为点源性污染,排放必须达到国家污染减排系统许可。美国联邦水污染法规定,超过一定规模的养殖场建场必须报批,获得环境许可,并严格执行国家环境政策法案。</p><p>
</p><p>美国规定作为水质污染特定来源的大规模牧场基准饲养头数为1000家畜单位,相当于肥育牛1000头,猪2500头,鸡10万只,羊10000只,成年奶牛700头,马500匹。如果畜牧场临近河流时,其规模限定为300个家畜单位。</p><p> </p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">丹麦:<span style="line-height: 25.6px;">严格的法律法规约束手段和多种政策鼓励措施相结合</span></span></strong></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.00625" data-src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/592a5a4520a9f81e.png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 556px !important; background-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);" width="100%" src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/592a5a4520a9f81e.png"/></p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/43e1905ecdfd5209.jpg" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-ratio="0.6605922551252847" data-w="439" src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/43e1905ecdfd5209.jpg"/></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
</p></section></section></section></section><p>丹麦制定了本国的管理措施和执行标准,<span style="color: rgb(217, 33, 66);">严格的法律法规约束手段和多种政策鼓励措施相结合,对畜禽养殖废弃物进行管理。</span></p><p> </p><p>丹麦法律规定养殖场必须在中央畜牧管理登记处登记,在新设、扩建或变更畜舍、粪尿及青贮废液贮存设施时必须事先报告,有效地防止了畜禽排泄物的环境污染。</p><p>
</p><p>中小型畜禽养殖场将种植业和养殖业有机结合,其中作物肥料和灌溉用水来自无害化处理后的畜禽粪便和冲洗废水,在减少经营成本的同时,保持了种养平衡。在生态补偿机制方面,尊重农民的意愿,提供丰厚的经济补贴,让农民不仅愿意配合政府,还能够积极响应政府的号召。</p><p> </p><p>丹麦还对施肥方式作出了明确规定。粪肥必须通过直接深施到土壤中的方式施放到土地中,以便将氨气的排放量降到最低并且有利于保证卫生。规定粪肥施放不能因融雪或降雨等原因会引起粪肥溢流到湖或河中的危险。所以,在实际生产中必须考虑到天气条件,有效规划施放粪肥的时间,以避免将粪肥施放到冻土、融雪的土壤或在降雨前施放。</p><p> </p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong>荷兰:</strong><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="max-width: 100%; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">拥<span style="line-height: 25.6px;">有健全和规范的粪污处理经济制度</span></span></strong></span></p><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 16px; line-height: 25.6px; white-space: normal; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><section powered-by="xiumi.us" style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;"><img class="" data-ratio="0.00625" data-src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/592a5a4520a9f81e.png" data-type="png" data-w="640" style="box-sizing: border-box; float: left; display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; word-wrap: break-word !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 556px !important; background-color: rgb(142, 201, 101);" width="100%" src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/592a5a4520a9f81e.png"/></p></section></section></section></section><p>
</p><p><img data-s="300,640" data-type="jpeg" data-src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/2ebc0c76af2f46fc.jpg" style="width: 100%; height: auto;" data-ratio="0.5040160642570282" data-w="498" src="https://img.haomeiwen.com/i5684078/2ebc0c76af2f46fc.jpg"/></p><p>
</p><p>为了防止粪便总量进一步增加,<strong>荷兰从1984年起不再允许养殖场户扩大经营规模,并通过立法规定每公顷2.5个家畜单位,超过该指标农场主必须交纳粪便费。</strong></p><p>
</p><p>监管政策覆盖动物生产、治污设施、施肥控制等各个方面,明确限定了单位家畜氨气最大排放量,并要求粪污存储设施必须密封以阻止氨气泄露;减少动物粪便贮存流失量,在适当耕作季节施粪肥;制定氮肥施入标准,减少施肥操作损失量,合理供给作物的养分。</p><p> </p><p>荷兰粪污处理的核心是粪污的养分管理,在过程环节上注意污染控制,重点目标是进行粪污的农田利用,将农业中氮元素和磷元素对环境(主要是地下水的硝酸盐含量)的排放降至可接受水平。</p><p>
</p><p>荷兰养猪场和禽类养殖场占地面积很小,受到严格的粪污施肥量的限制,粪污施用量约为2头奶牛/公顷、20头育肥猪/公顷。荷兰有健全和规范的粪污处理经济制度,养殖场产生的多余粪污必须外运处置,农场需要支付费用给运输公司,使用粪污的农户可向运输公司收取3-10欧元/吨的处理费。</p><p> </p><p>荷兰牛、猪养殖场普遍使用漏缝地板,地板下存储粪便,粪便、尿液和清洗水混在一起形成粪浆,属于水泡粪工艺。为减少运输费用成本,降低粪污中的液态比例,提高配送效率,养殖场普遍采用固液分离的方式,固体晾晒或堆肥,液体部分进行密闭式长期储存后就近农场使用,储存过程中产生的沼气可收集使用,几乎实现全过程的封闭,臭气排放严格控制。</p><p>
</p><p><strong style="max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">来源:</strong><strong>农民日报</strong></p><p style="max-width: 100%; min-height: 1em; line-height: 25.6px; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important;">
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