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Android |《看完不忘系列》之Retrofit

Android |《看完不忘系列》之Retrofit

作者: 哈利迪ei | 来源:发表于2020-08-22 21:34 被阅读0次

    嗨,我是哈利迪~《看完不忘系列》将以从树干到细枝的思路分析一些技术框架,本文将对开源项目Retrofit进行介绍。

    本文约2800字,阅读大约8分钟。

    Retrofit源码基于最新版本2.9.0

    预备

    Retrofit使得网络调用可以像RESTful设计风格一样简洁,如:

    interface WanApi {
        //用注解标记网络请求方式get、post,参数path、query等
        @GET("article/list/{page}/json")
        Call<WanArticleBean> articleList(@Path("page") int page);
    }
    

    又如,后端的Spring Boot框架通过约定大于配置思想省去了很多配置,其在网络接口RestController上也运用了这种风格,

    @RestController
    public class ActivityController {
        @Autowired
        private ActivityService activityService;
    
        //用注解标记网络请求方式和入参
        @GetMapping("/goods")
        public ResultEntity queryGoods(@RequestParam("page") int page) {
            return activityService.queryGoods(page);
        }
    }
    

    Retrofit的底层网络实现基于okhttp,自身的类不是很多,最核心的点就是动态代理了。代理模式简单来说,就是为对象提供一个增强控制其访问的代理。下面我们先来了解下静态代理动态代理~

    静态代理

    编译期就完成代理

    • 源码级:手动编写代理类、APT生成代理类
    • 字节码级:编译期生成字节码、

    举个栗子,

    image
    interface 赚钱 {
        void makeMoney(int income);
    }
    
    class 小鲜肉 implements 赚钱 { //委托类
        @Override
        public void makeMoney(int income) {
            System.out.println("开拍,赚个" + income);
        }
    }
    
    class 经纪人 implements 赚钱 { //代理类
        赚钱 xxr;
    
        public 经纪人(赚钱 xxr) {
            this.xxr = xxr;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void makeMoney(int income) {
            if (income < 1000_0000) { //控制访问
                System.out.println("才" + income + ",先回去等通知吧");
            } else {
                xxr.makeMoney(income);
            }
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        赚钱 xxr = new 小鲜肉();
        赚钱 jjr = new 经纪人(xxr);
        jjr.makeMoney(100_0000); //输出:才1000000,先回去等通知吧
        jjr.makeMoney(1000_0000); //输出:开拍,赚个10000000
    }
    

    为什么代理类委托类要实现相同接口?是为了尽可能保证代理类的内部结构和委托类一致,这样对代理类的操作都可以转移到委托类上,代理类只关注增强控制

    动态代理

    运行期生成字节码,如Proxy.newProxyInstance、CGLIB

    Proxy.newProxyInstance是java自带,只能对接口代理(因为生成的类已经继承了Proxy,java没法多继承)

    CGLIB则更强大,还能对普通类代理,底层基于ASM(ASM使用类似SAX解析器逐行扫描来提高性能)

    举个栗子,

    image
    class 合作标准 implements InvocationHandler {
        赚钱 xxr;
    
        public 合作标准(赚钱 xxr) {
            this.xxr = xxr;
        }
    
        @Override
        public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
            int income = (int) args[0];
            if (income < 1000_0000) { //控制访问
                System.out.println("才" + income + ",先回去等通知吧");
                return null;
            } else {
                return method.invoke(xxr, args);
            }
        }
    }
    
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        赚钱 xxr = new 小鲜肉();
        合作标准 standard = new 合作标准(xxr);
        //生成类(字节码):class $Proxy0 extends Proxy implements 赚钱
        //然后反射创建其实例bd,即来一场临时的商务拓展
        赚钱 bd = (赚钱) Proxy.newProxyInstance(赚钱.class.getClassLoader(),
                                            new Class[]{赚钱.class}, 
                                            standard);
        //调用makeMoney,内部转发给了合作标准的invoke
        bd.makeMoney(100_0000);
        bd.makeMoney(1000_0000);
    }
    

    通过栗子可以看出,动态代理不需要提前创建具体的代理类(如经纪人经纪公司)去实现赚钱接口,而是先拟一份合作标准(InvocationHandler),等到运行期才创建代理类$Proxy0(字节码),然后反射创建其实例商务拓展,这样显得更为灵活。

    了解完动态代理,就可以开始Retrofit之旅了~

    树干

    简单使用

    引入依赖,

    implementation 'com.squareup.okhttp3:okhttp:3.14.9'
    implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.9.0'
    implementation 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.9.0'
    implementation 'com.google.code.gson:gson:2.8.6'
    

    定义接口WanApi

    interface WanApi {
        //用注解标记网络请求类型get,参数path
        @GET("article/list/{page}/json")
        Call<WanArticleBean> articleList(@Path("page") int page);
    }
    

    发起请求,

    class RetrofitActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
        final String SERVER = "https://www.xxx.com/";
    
        @Override
        protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
            Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
                .baseUrl(SERVER) //指定服务器地址
                .addConverterFactory(GsonConverterFactory.create()) //用gson将数据反序列化成实体
                .build();
            //运行期生成一个实现WanApi接口的类(字节码),并反射创建其实例
            WanApi wanApi = retrofit.create(WanApi.class);
            //得到Retrofit的call,他封装了okhttp的call
            Call<WanArticleBean> call = wanApi.articleList(0);
            //请求入队
            call.enqueue(new Callback<WanArticleBean>() {
                @Override
                public void onResponse(Call<WanArticleBean> call, Response<WanArticleBean> response) {
                    //得到数据实体
                    WanArticleBean bean = response.body();
                    //不同于okhttp,Retrofit已经用Handler帮我们切回主线程了
                    mBinding.tvResult.setText("" + bean.getData().getDatas().size());
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onFailure(Call<WanArticleBean> call, Throwable t) {}
            });
        }
    }
    

    实现原理

    image

    由于Retrofit底层基于okhttp,哈迪在《看完不忘系列》之okhttp已经对网络流程做了分析,所以本文忽略网络实现只关注Retrofit自身的一些处理,Retrofit对象的构建就是简单的builder模式,我们直接看create,

    //Retrofit.java
    public <T> T create(final Class<T> service) {
        //验证
        validateServiceInterface(service);
        return (T)
            //动态代理
            Proxy.newProxyInstance(
            service.getClassLoader(), //类加载器
            new Class<?>[] {service}, //一组接口
            new InvocationHandler() {
                //判断android和jvm平台及其版本
                private final Platform platform = Platform.get();
    
                @Override
                public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args){
                    //如果该方法是Object的方法,直接执行不用管
                    if (method.getDeclaringClass() == Object.class) {
                        return method.invoke(this, args);
                    }
                    //isDefaultMethod:检查是否是java8开始支持的接口默认方法
                    return platform.isDefaultMethod(method)
                        ? platform.invokeDefaultMethod(method, service, proxy, args)
                        : loadServiceMethod(method).invoke(args); //我们关注这里
                }
            });
    }
    

    Proxy.newProxyInstance动态代理,运行期会生成一个类(字节码)如$ProxyN,实现传入的接口即WanApi,重写接口方法然后转发给InvocationHandler的invoke,如下(伪代码),

    class $ProxyN extends Proxy implements WanApi{
        Call<WanArticleBean> articleList(@Path("page") int page){
            //转发给invocationHandler
            invocationHandler.invoke(this,method,args);
        }
    }
    

    我们先看validateServiceInterface验证逻辑,

    //Retrofit.java
    private void validateServiceInterface(Class<?> service) {
        //检查:WanApi不是接口就抛异常...
        //检查:WanApi不能有泛型参数,不能实现其他接口...
        if (validateEagerly) { //是否进行严格检查,默认关闭
            Platform platform = Platform.get();
            for (Method method : service.getDeclaredMethods()) { //遍历WanApi方法
                //不是默认方法,并且不是静态方法
                if (!platform.isDefaultMethod(method) && !Modifier.isStatic(method.getModifiers())) {
                    //把方法提前加载进来(检查下有没有问题)
                    loadServiceMethod(method);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    

    如果开了validateEagerly,会一次性把接口WanApi的所有方法都检查一遍并加载进来,可以在debug模式下开启,提前发现错误写法,比如在@GET请求设置了@Body这种错误就会抛出异常:

    java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Non-body HTTP method cannot contain @Body.

    loadServiceMethod

    然后是loadServiceMethod(method).invoke(args),看名字可知是先找方法,然后执行,

    //Retrofit.java
    //缓存,用了线程安全ConcurrentHashMap
    final Map<Method, ServiceMethod<?>> serviceMethodCache = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    
    ServiceMethod<?> loadServiceMethod(Method method) {
        ServiceMethod<?> result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);
        //WanApi的articleList方法已缓存,直接返回
        if (result != null) return result;
        synchronized (serviceMethodCache) {
            result = serviceMethodCache.get(method);
            if (result == null) {
                //解析articleList的注解,创建ServiceMethod并缓存起来
                result = ServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(this, method);
                serviceMethodCache.put(method, result);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
    

    跟进ServiceMethod.parseAnnotations,

    //ServiceMethod.java
    static <T> ServiceMethod<T> parseAnnotations(Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {
        //1.
        RequestFactory requestFactory = RequestFactory.parseAnnotations(retrofit, method);
        //检查:articleList方法返回类型不能用通配符和void...
        //2.
        return HttpServiceMethod.parseAnnotations(retrofit, method, requestFactory);
    }
    

    先看1. RequestFactory.parseAnnotations,

    //RequestFactory.java
    static RequestFactory parseAnnotations(Retrofit retrofit, Method method) {
        return new Builder(retrofit, method).build();
    }
    
    class Builder {
        RequestFactory build() {
            //解析方法注解如GET
            for (Annotation annotation : methodAnnotations) {
                parseMethodAnnotation(annotation);
            }
            //省略各种检查...
            //解析参数注解如Path
            int parameterCount = parameterAnnotationsArray.length;
            parameterHandlers = new ParameterHandler<?>[parameterCount];
            for (int p = 0, lastParameter = parameterCount - 1; p < parameterCount; p++) {
                parameterHandlers[p] =
                    parseParameter(p, parameterTypes[p], parameterAnnotationsArray[p], p == lastParameter);
            }
            //省略各种检查...
            return new RequestFactory(this);
        }
    }
    

    得到RequestFactory后,看2. HttpServiceMethod.parseAnnotations,HttpServiceMethod负责适配和转换处理,将接口方法的调用调整为HTTP调用,

    //HttpServiceMethod.java
    //ResponseT响应类型如WanArticleBean,ReturnT返回类型如Call
    static <ResponseT, ReturnT> HttpServiceMethod<ResponseT, ReturnT> parseAnnotations(
        Retrofit retrofit, Method method, RequestFactory requestFactory) {
        //省略kotlin协程逻辑...
        Annotation[] annotations = method.getAnnotations();
        //遍历找到合适的适配器
        CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> callAdapter =
            createCallAdapter(retrofit, method, adapterType, annotations);
        //得到响应类型,如WanArticleBean
        Type responseType = callAdapter.responseType();
        //遍历找到合适的转换器
        Converter<ResponseBody, ResponseT> responseConverter =
            createResponseConverter(retrofit, method, responseType);
        okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory = retrofit.callFactory;
        return new CallAdapted<>(requestFactory, callFactory, responseConverter, callAdapter);
    }
    

    可见最终返回了一个CallAdapted,看到CallAdapted,

    //CallAdapted extends HttpServiceMethod extends ServiceMethod
    class CallAdapted<ResponseT, ReturnT> extends HttpServiceMethod<ResponseT, ReturnT> {
        private final CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> callAdapter;
    
        CallAdapted(
            RequestFactory requestFactory,
            okhttp3.Call.Factory callFactory,
            Converter<ResponseBody, ResponseT> responseConverter,
            CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> callAdapter) {
            super(requestFactory, callFactory, responseConverter);
            this.callAdapter = callAdapter;
        }
    
        @Override
        protected ReturnT adapt(Call<ResponseT> call, Object[] args) {
            //适配器
            return callAdapter.adapt(call);
        }
    }
    

    那这个CallAdapter实例到底是谁呢,我们先回到Retrofit.Builder,

    //Retrofit.Builder.java
    public Retrofit build() {
        Executor callbackExecutor = this.callbackExecutor;
        //如果没设置线程池,则给android平台设置一个默认的MainThreadExecutor(用Handler将回调切回主线程)
        if (callbackExecutor == null) {
            callbackExecutor = platform.defaultCallbackExecutor();
        }
        List<CallAdapter.Factory> callAdapterFactories = new ArrayList<>(this.callAdapterFactories);
        //添加默认的DefaultCallAdapterFactory
        callAdapterFactories.addAll(platform.defaultCallAdapterFactories(callbackExecutor));
    }
    

    DefaultCallAdapterFactory这个工厂创建具体的CallAdapter实例,

    //DefaultCallAdapterFactory.java
    public CallAdapter<?, ?> get(Type returnType, Annotation[] annotations, Retrofit retrofit) {
        final Type responseType = Utils.getParameterUpperBound(0, (ParameterizedType) returnType);
        //如果指定了SkipCallbackExecutor注解,就表示不需要切回主线程
        final Executor executor =
            Utils.isAnnotationPresent(annotations, SkipCallbackExecutor.class)
            ? null
            : callbackExecutor;
        return new CallAdapter<Object, Call<?>>() {
            @Override
            public Type responseType() {
                return responseType;
            }
    
            @Override
            public Call<Object> adapt(Call<Object> call) {
                //默认情况下,返回用主线程池包装的Call,他的enqueue会使用主线程池的execute
                return executor == null ? call : new ExecutorCallbackCall<>(executor, call);
            }
        };
    }
    

    invoke

    前边loadServiceMethod得到了CallAdapted,然后执行invoke,实现在父类HttpServiceMethod里,

    //HttpServiceMethod.java
    final ReturnT invoke(Object[] args) {
        //终于见到okhttp了!
        Call<ResponseT> call = new OkHttpCall<>(requestFactory, args, callFactory, responseConverter);
        return adapt(call, args);
    }
    
    class CallAdapted<ResponseT, ReturnT> extends HttpServiceMethod<ResponseT, ReturnT> {
        private final CallAdapter<ResponseT, ReturnT> callAdapter;
    
        @Override
        protected ReturnT adapt(Call<ResponseT> call, Object[] args) {
            //用前边得到的适配器,把OkHttpCall包成ExecutorCallbackCall
            return callAdapter.adapt(call);
        }
    }
    

    然后是请求入队,ExecutorCallbackCall.enqueue -> OkHttpCall.enqueue,

    //ExecutorCallbackCall.java
    void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {
        delegate.enqueue(
            new Callback<T>() {
                @Override
                public void onResponse(Call<T> call, final Response<T> response) {
                    //将回调切回主线程
                    callbackExecutor.execute(
                        () -> {
                            callback.onResponse(ExecutorCallbackCall.this, response);
                        });
                    //...
                }
    
                @Override
                public void onFailure(Call<T> call, final Throwable t) {}
            });
    }
    
    //OkHttpCall.java
    void enqueue(final Callback<T> callback) {
        //okhttp逻辑
        okhttp3.Call call;
        call.enqueue(new okhttp3.Callback() {
            void onResponse(okhttp3.Call call, okhttp3.Response rawResponse) {
                callback.onResponse(OkHttpCall.this, response);
            }
        })
    }
    

    总算把流程跑通了,回到前边再看一遍流程图,就豁然开朗了~

    细枝

    CallAdapter

    CallAdapter适配器用于适配返回类型,比如还可以支持Rxjava、协程的使用,

    interface WanApi {
        //Call
        @GET("article/list/{page}/json")
        Call<WanArticleBean> articleList(@Path("page") int page);
    
        //Rxjava,需要 addCallAdapterFactory(RxJavaCallAdapterFactory.create())
        @GET("article/list/{page}/json")
        Observable<WanArticleBean> articleListRx(@Path("page") int page);
    }
    

    Converter

    Converter转换器用于转换参数类型,比如把Long时间戳格式化成string再传给后端,

    interface WanApi {
        //Long cur 当前时间
        @GET("article/list/{page}/json")
        Call<WanArticleBean> articleList(@Path("page") int page, @Query("cur") Long cur);
    }
    
    class TimeConverter implements Converter<Long, String> {
        private SimpleDateFormat mFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd-HHmmss");
    
        @Override
        public String convert(Long value) throws IOException {
            if (value > 1_000_000_000_000L) {//毫秒,不是很严谨 - -
                return mFormat.format(new Date(value));
            }
            return String.valueOf(value);
        }
    }
    
    class TimeConverterFactory extends Converter.Factory {
    
        @Override
        public Converter<?, String> stringConverter(Type type, Annotation[] annotations, Retrofit retrofit) {
            if (type == Long.class) {
                //使用自定义TimeConverter
                return new TimeConverter();
            }
            return super.stringConverter(type, annotations, retrofit);
        }
    
        public static Converter.Factory create() {
            return new TimeConverterFactory();
        }
    }
    
    //再设置一下就行了,addConverterFactory(TimeConverterFactory.create())
    

    动态替换url

    在构建Retrofit时传入HttpUrl对象,之后这个实例就一直存在不会更改,所以可以反射修改他的字段比如host,来实现动态替换服务端地址,

    String SERVER = "https://www.xxx.com/";
    HttpUrl httpUrl = HttpUrl.get(SERVER);
    Retrofit retrofit = new Retrofit.Builder()
        //.baseUrl(SERVER)
        .baseUrl(httpUrl) //使用HttpUrl
        .build();
    

    尾声

    咱们下期见~😆

    系列文章:

    参考资料


    欢迎关注原创技术公众号:哈利迪ei

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