天热的时候，大家都爱吹空调。但是也有人用不了空调，比如在室外工作的人，这时候电风扇就派上用场了。科学研究表明，电风扇在大多数情况下能帮我们降温，但是在某些情况下，吹电扇只会让我们更热。
Fans do more harm than good in some heatwaves
by Marion Renault
Not all heatwaves are made equal. Some – like the one that shattered high-temperature records in Europe in late July – are a mix of heat and high humidity. Others in regions like the Southwestern U.S. and parts of Australia strike with an intense, dry heat.
heatwave /ˈhiːtˌweɪv/ n. 热浪（由heat和wave组成）
shatter /ˈʃætə(r)/ v. 打碎、使破碎
record /ˈrekɔːd/ n. 纪录、历史纪录
humidity /hjuːˈmɪdəti/ n. 湿度、空气湿度（由humid加后缀-ity变成名词）
southwestern /ˌsaʊθˈwestən/ adj. 西南部的
strike /straɪk/ v. 侵袭、袭来
intense /ɪnˈtens/ adj. 强烈的、剧烈的
Both can be dangerous, and an initial human reaction to either is often to turn on a fan. But according to a new study published Monday, in arid heatwaves, flipping on an electric fan may not help cool you down – and may even spike your body temperature.
initial /ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)l/ adj. 一开始的、最初的
reaction /rɪˈækʃ(ə)n/ n. 反应
publish /ˈpʌblɪʃ/ v. 发表
arid /ˈærɪd/ adj. 干燥的
flip /flɪp/ v. 翻转、按（开关）
cool /kuːl/ v. 冷却、使降温
spike /spaɪk/ v. 升高、使升高
For the study, researchers used a climate chamber which allows them to control temperature, humidity and air flow to recreate the peak conditions of several historic events: Chicago's 1995 heatwave, Shanghai's 2017 heatwave and a California heatwave in July of 2018.
researcher /rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)/ n. 研究者（由research加上表示人的后缀-er）
chamber /ˈtʃeɪmbə(r)/ n. （有特定用途的）房间
air flow 气流
recreate /ˌriːkrɪˈeɪt/ v. 再现（由create加上表示再次的前缀re-）
peak /piːk/ adj. 峰值的、最高点的
condition /kənˈdɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 状态、情况
historic /hɪˈstɒrɪk/ adj. 历史性的（由history加后缀-ic变成形容词）
Chicago /ʃɪˈkɑːɡəʊ/ n. 芝加哥（美国城市）
California /ˌkælɪˈfɔːniə/ n. 加利福尼亚（美国西部的州）
Over the course of several days, 12 male research subjects withstood two types of "heatwaves" for two hours at a time: hot and humid, and cooler but very dry. They then returned to the climate chamber and sat for two more "heatwaves" – this time with an air fan placed about 1.2 meters away from them.
course /kɔːs/ n. 发展过程
subject /ˈsʌbdʒekt/ n. 实验对象
withstand /wɪðˈstænd/ v. 经受、承受
humid /ˈhjuːmɪd/ adj. 潮湿的
place /pleɪs/ v. 放置
Each time, researchers monitored the subjects' internal temperatures, their cardiovascular（心血管的） strain (determined by measuring changes in heart rate and blood pressure), and their overall sweat lost (measured by their changes in body mass during the experiment). The participants also provided a subjective rating of their comfort levels.
monitor /ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/ v. 监控、监测
internal /ɪnˈtɜːn(ə)l/ adj. 体内的
strain /streɪn/ n. 重负、负担
determine /dɪˈtɜːmɪn/ v. 查明
measure /ˈmeʒə(r)/ v. 测量
rate /reɪt/ n. 率、速率
pressure /ˈpreʃə(r)/ n. 压力
overall /ˌəʊvəˈrɔːl/ adj. 总体的
sweat /swet/ n. 汗、汗液
mass /mæs/ n. 质量、重量
participant /pɑːˈtɪsɪp(ə)nt/ n. 参与者
subjective /səbˈdʒektɪv/ adj. 主观的
rating /ˈreɪtɪŋ/ n. 评级、评分
level /ˈlev(ə)l/ n. 水平、程度
The researchers found that in a hot, humid condition with a heat index (which combines air temperature and humidity to better represent how hot it feels out) of 55.5 degrees Celsius, fans did a good job of cooling down the participants. However, in a dry heat (and relatively lower, 45.5-degree Celsius heat index) they found fans left subjects worse off across all measures.
index /ˈɪndeks/ n. 指数
combine /kəmˈbaɪn/ v. 组合
represent /ˌreprɪˈzent/ v. 代表、表示
degree Celsius /ˈselsiəs/ 摄氏度
relatively /ˈrelətɪvli/ adv. 相对地
worse off 更糟糕、境况更差
measure /ˈmeʒə(r)/ n. （测出的）数值、指标
The men got hot and dehydrated（脱水） faster and their hearts had to work harder, even though the heat index was lower in the second condition, says Ollie Jay, a health science associate professor at the University of Sydney in Australia and co-author of the study.
associate /əˈsəʊʃieɪt/ professor 副教授
co- 前缀，意思是共同
As Jay explains it, fans work so well in humid conditions because they help accelerate the evaporation（蒸发） of sweat or moisture（水汽） on our skin. But when it's arid, the fan works almost like an oven by simply blasting the body with more hot air. Jay's findings suggest climate, and not temperature alone, should dictate whether it's safe to use fans during heatwaves.
accelerate /əkˈseləreɪt/ v. 加速、使加快
simply /ˈsɪmpli/ adv. 仅仅（表示强调）
blast /blɑːst/ v. 喷、猛吹
suggest /səˈdʒest/ v. 表明
dictate /dɪkˈteɪt/ v. 支配、决定
As the planet warms, it will be increasingly crucial for doctors and public health officials to understand how heat and physiology interact. Recommendations, particularly for vulnerable populations who work outdoors or can't afford air conditioning, need to be backed by science and specific in their prescriptions, Jay says.
increasingly /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli/ adv. 越来越
crucial /ˈkruːʃ(ə)l/ adj. 至关重要的
official /əˈfɪʃ(ə)l/ n. 官员
physiology /ˌfɪzɪˈɒlədʒi/ n. 生理、生理机能
interact /ˌɪntəˈrækt/ v. 相互作用
recommendation /ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 建议（由recommend加后缀-ation变成名词）
vulnerable /ˈvʌln(ə)rəb(ə)l/ adj. 易受伤害的
air conditioning 空调系统
back /bæk/ v. 支持
specific /spəˈsɪfɪk/ adj. 特定的、具体的
prescription /prɪˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n/ n. 权威建议、官方建议
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