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名称 | 描述 |
---|---|
封装 | 根据职责将对象的属性和方法封装到一个抽象的类中 |
继承 | 实现代码的重用,相同的代码不需要重复的编写 |
多态 | 不同的子类对象调用相同的父类方法,产生不同的执行结果,增加代码的灵活度 |
一、封装
将属性和方法封装到一个抽象的类中
外界使用类创建对象,然后让对象调用方法
对象方法的细节都被封装在类的内部
- 在对象的方法内部,可以直接访问对象的属性
self.属性名
- 同一类创建多个对象之间,属性互不干扰
见后面的示例——小美也爱跑步 - 一个对象的属性可以是另外一个类创建的对象
见后面的示例——士兵突击
eg:
- 小明爱跑步的需求
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提炼名词和动词
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- 小明爱跑步
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, weight):
self.name = name
self.weight = weight
def __str__(self):
return '我的名字叫%s,体重是%.2f' % (self.name, self.weight)
def run(self):
print("%s爱跑步,跑步锻炼身体" % self.name)
self.weight -= 0.5
def eat(self):
print("%s是吃货,吃完这顿再减肥" % self.name)
self.weight += 1
if __name__ == '__main__':
person = Person('小明', 75)
print(person)
person.run()
print(person)
person.eat()
print(person)
- 小明爱跑步,小美也爱跑步
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, weight):
self.name = name
self.weight = weight
def __str__(self):
return '我的名字叫%s,体重是%.2f' % (self.name, self.weight)
def run(self):
print("%s爱跑步,跑步锻炼身体" % self.name)
self.weight -= 0.5
def eat(self):
print("%s是吃货,吃完这顿再减肥" % self.name)
self.weight += 1
if __name__ == '__main__':
person = Person('小明', 75)
person1 = Person('小美', 45)
print(person)
person.run()
print(person)
person.eat()
print(person)
print('-'*50)
print(person1)
person1.run()
print(person1)
person1.eat()
print(person1)
- 摆放家具的需求
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- 摆放家具
class HouseItem:
def __init__(self, name, area):
self.name = name
self.area = area
def __str__(self):
return "[%s]占地%.2f" % (self.name, self.area)
class House:
def __init__(self, house_type, area):
self.house_type = house_type
self.area = area
self.free_area = area
self.item_list = []
def __str__(self):
# Python能够自动将()内的代码连接在一起
return ("户型:%s,总面积:%.2f,[剩余面积:%.2f],家具:%s"
% (self.house_type, self.area,
self.free_area, self.item_list))
def add_item(self, item):
print("要添加%s" % item)
if self.free_area <= item.area:
print("家具面积太大了,无法添加")
return
self.item_list.append(item.name)
self.free_area -= item.area
if __name__ == '__main__':
bed = HouseItem('席梦思', 4)
chest = HouseItem('衣柜', 2)
table = HouseItem('餐桌', 1.5)
house = House('两室一厅', 40)
print(house)
print('-' * 50)
house.add_item(bed)
house.add_item(chest)
house.add_item(table)
print(house)
- 士兵突击
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一个对象的属性可以是另外一个类创建的对象
class Gun:
def __init__(self, module):
self.module = module
self.bullet_count = 0
def add_bullet(self, count):
self.bullet_count += count
def shoot(self):
if self.bullet_count <= 0:
print("[%s]没有子弹了......" % self.module)
return
self.bullet_count -= 1
print("[%s]突突突...剩余子弹数量:%-2d " % (self.module, self.bullet_count))
class Soldier:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.gun = None
def fire(self):
# 判断士兵是否有枪
if self.gun is None:
print("%s没有枪" % self.name)
return
print("%s: 冲啊......" % self.name)
ak47.add_bullet(10)
ak47.shoot()
if __name__ == '__main__':
ak47 = Gun('AK47')
xusanduo = Soldier('许三多')
xusanduo.gun = ak47
xusanduo.fire()
print(xusanduo.gun)
更新中......
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