一、原理
为什么要用延迟着色法
之前的章节，渲染流程从前往后，每个形状依次绘制，简单的场景这是没有问题的，而且很好理解。如果绘制复杂的场景，物体数量很大，这么做对性能消耗很大，“延迟着色法”就是针对超多元素的场景渲染的优化。
超多元素
实现思路：物体的计算复杂度最大的点在于光照计算，有大量的角度计算，所以把场景元素先拆分渲染到帧缓冲的不同纹理中，利用深度缓存，把大量元素压缩到一张2D的平面上，最后只针对一个2D的平面进行光照合成。
参考图：ALBEDO是漫反射。
延迟渲染-分解图
二、元素分解到G缓冲的各个纹理中
整个流程稍微有点复杂，这一步先把场景元素拆分到G缓冲的各个纹理中，并加以显示，实际感受每一个维度的特点
1. 理解G-buffer
G缓冲是个虚拟的称呼，其实就是个帧缓冲，附着了3个texture，分别存储position、Normals、Albedo、Specular，在加一个常规的渲染缓冲对象(深度缓冲)
g-buffer
2.核心代码
需要两对shader
- shader.vs / shader.fs：拆分出position、normal、AlbedoSpec（漫反射和光照强度放一起）
- showShader.vs / showShader.fs：渲染一个2D的纹理，非常普通
绘制g-buffer绑定的纹理分支
3. 实现效果
绘制立体矩阵
G-buffer-位置
|
G-buffer-法线
|
G-buffer-反射率
|
|---|
三、创建光源，为光源添加移动功能
方便理解，附上shader.fs，完整代码参考文末
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) out vec3 gPosition;
layout (location = 1) out vec3 gNormal;
layout (location = 2) out vec4 gAlbedoSpec;
in vec2 TexCoords;
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec3 Normal;
uniform sampler2D diffuse;
uniform sampler2D specular;
void main()
{
//保存位置信息
gPosition = FragPos;
//保存法线信息
gNormal = normalize(Normal);
//保存漫反射颜色信息，漫反射是物体的表面颜色
gAlbedoSpec.rgb = texture(diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
//保存镜面高光颜色信息，镜面高光反应的是光照的信息，只要一个值就可以了
// alpha通道不影响绘制，这里a改成“0.0f”都不影响AlbedoSpec通道绘制
gAlbedoSpec.a = texture(specular, TexCoords).a;
}
四、光照计算，显示最终场景
增加一组shader，讲g-buffer中的数据整合到一起渲染出来
showShader.fs/showShader.vs，重点是showShader.fs，用的都是之前讲述的知识，参看源码理解即可
计算光照
五、显示光源
显示光源
箱体略暗，在deferred_shading.fs中把衰减值 * 2提升亮度
float attenuation = 1.0 * 2/ (1 + light.Linear * distance + light.Quadratic * (distance * distance));
增加了光源的绘制，逻辑不复杂
然而，这些渲染出来的立方体并没有考虑到我们储存的延迟渲染器的几何深度(Depth)信息，并且结果是它被渲染在之前渲染过的物体之上，这并不是我们想要的结果。
使用帧缓冲里的深度缓冲
代码很简单，从帧缓冲中读出深度缓冲到默认缓冲中，然后进行绘制
// 显示所有的光源
// glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, 0); // Write to default framebuffer
glBlitFramebuffer(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT, GL_NEAREST);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
补充
这一章内容较多，后面还有基于光照衰减和使用光体积的优化，暂时不做过深入的研究。整个项目的完整代码附在最后
六、完整代码
1. 绘制g-buffer中各个纹理分支
shader.vs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoords;
out vec3 FragPos;
out vec2 TexCoords;
out vec3 Normal;
uniform mat4 model;
uniform mat4 view;
uniform mat4 projection;
void main()
{
vec4 worldPos = model * vec4(aPos, 1.0);
FragPos = worldPos.xyz;
TexCoords = aTexCoords;
mat3 normalMatrix = transpose(inverse(mat3(model)));
Normal = normalMatrix * aNormal;
gl_Position = projection * view * worldPos;
}
shader.fs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) out vec3 gPosition;
layout (location = 1) out vec3 gNormal;
layout (location = 2) out vec4 gAlbedoSpec;
in vec2 TexCoords;
in vec3 FragPos;
in vec3 Normal;
uniform sampler2D diffuse;
uniform sampler2D specular;
void main()
{
//保存位置信息
gPosition = FragPos;
//保存法线信息
gNormal = normalize(Normal);
//保存漫反射颜色信息，漫反射是物体的表面颜色
gAlbedoSpec.rgb = texture(diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
//保存镜面高光颜色信息，镜面高光反应的是光照的信息，只要一个值就可以了
gAlbedoSpec.a = texture(specular, TexCoords).a;
}
showShader.vs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoords;
out vec2 TexCoords;
void main()
{
TexCoords = aTexCoords;
gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
showShader.fs
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec2 TexCoords;
uniform sampler2D showMap;
void main()
{
FragColor = texture(showMap, TexCoords);
}
主程序main.cpp
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include "Shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "model.h"
#include <iostream>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces);
void renderScene (const Shader &shader);
void renderCube();
void RenderQuad();
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
bool blinn = false;
bool blinnKeyPressed = false;
bool gammaEnabled = true;
bool gammaKeyPressed = false;
bool bloom = true;
bool hdr = true; //change with 'space'
float exposure = 1.0f; // change with Q and E
// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;
// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
glm::vec3 lightDir = glm::vec3(0, -1, 1);
int showMapType = 1; // 显示图片类型：1.位置；2.发现；3.漫反射和镜面；4.正常场景
std::vector<glm::vec3> objectPositions;
//加载纹理
unsigned int diffuseMap = 0;
unsigned int specularMap = 0;
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "天哥学opengl", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
// glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK ,GL_LINE );
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
// build and compile shaders
// -------------------------
Shader ourShader("shader.vs", "shader.fs");
Shader showShader("showShader.vs", "showShader.fs");
diffuseMap = loadTexture("resource/container2.png");
specularMap = loadTexture("resource/container2_specular.png");
// G-Buffer的创建
unsigned int gBuffer;
glGenFramebuffers(1, &gBuffer);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer);
// 位置缓存
unsigned int gPosition;
glGenTextures(1, &gPosition);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB16F, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGB, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition, 0);
// 法线缓存
unsigned int gNormal;
glGenTextures(1, &gNormal);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGB, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal, 0);
// 漫反射和镜面高光缓存
unsigned int gAlbedoSpec;
glGenTextures(1, &gAlbedoSpec);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec, 0);
// 告诉OpenGl要渲染三个缓存
unsigned int attachments[3] = {GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2};
glDrawBuffers(3, attachments);
// 深度缓存
unsigned int rboDepth;
glGenRenderbuffers(1, &rboDepth);
glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboDepth);
glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboDepth);
// 检查
if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
{
std::cout << "帧缓存初始化失败!" << std::endl;
}
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// G-Buffer的创建-结束
showShader.use();
showShader.setInt("showMap", 0);
float startFrame = glfwGetTime();
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
processInput(window);
glClearColor(0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// 1. 几何阶段
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer);
glClearColor(0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
ourShader.use();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT , 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
ourShader.setMat4("view", view);
//将所有的立方体渲染到帧缓存中
const int dim = 11;
const float offset = (float(dim - 1) * 1.5f) * 0.5f;
glm::mat4 model;
for (int yy = 0; yy < dim; ++yy) {
for (int xx = 0; xx < dim; ++xx) {
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-offset + float(xx) * 1.5f, -offset + float(yy) * 1.5f, 0.0f));
// model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(45.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f));
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(currentFrame * -25.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
ourShader.use();
ourShader.setInt("diffuse", 0);
ourShader.setInt("specualr", 1);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);
renderCube();
}
}
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// 2.渲染到四边形
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
if (showMapType == 1) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
RenderQuad();
}
else if (showMapType == 2) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
RenderQuad();
}
else if (showMapType == 3) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec);
RenderQuad();
}
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool startRecord = false;
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_1) == GLFW_PRESS) {
showMapType = 1;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_2) == GLFW_PRESS) {
showMapType = 2;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_3) == GLFW_PRESS) {
showMapType = 3;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_B) == GLFW_PRESS && !gammaKeyPressed)
{
gammaEnabled = !gammaEnabled;
gammaKeyPressed = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_B) == GLFW_RELEASE)
{
gammaKeyPressed = false;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_Y))
{
std::cout << "Y" << std::endl;
startRecord = true;
firstMouse = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_N))
{
std::cout << "N" << std::endl;
startRecord = false;
}
if (startRecord) {
return;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_Q) == GLFW_PRESS)
exposure -= 0.5 * deltaTime;
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_E) == GLFW_PRESS)
exposure += 0.5 * deltaTime;
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_SPACE) == GLFW_PRESS && !gammaKeyPressed)
{
hdr = !hdr;
gammaKeyPressed = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_SPACE) == GLFW_RELEASE)
{
gammaKeyPressed = false;
}
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
// std::cout << "xpos : " << xpos << std::endl;
// std::cout << "ypos : " << ypos << std::endl;
if (startRecord) {
return;
}
if (firstMouse)
{
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
firstMouse = false;
}
float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
// std::cout << "xoffset : " << xoffset << std::endl;
// std::cout << "yoffset : " << yoffset << std::endl;
camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}
// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const * path)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
int width, height, nrComponents;
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
if (data)
{
GLenum format;
if (nrComponents == 1)
format = GL_RED;
else if (nrComponents == 3)
format = GL_RGB;
else if (nrComponents == 4)
format = GL_RGBA;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
return textureID;
}
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
int width, height, nrChannels;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < faces.size(); i++) {
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(faces[i].c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
if (data)
{
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Cubemap texture failed to load at path: " << faces[i] << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
}
return textureID;
}
void renderScene(const Shader &shader)
{
// room cube
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(5.0f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE); // note that we disable culling here since we render 'inside' the cube instead of the usual 'outside' which throws off the normal culling methods.
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 1); // A small little hack to invert normals when drawing cube from the inside so lighting still works.
renderCube();
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 0); // and of course disable it
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
// cubes
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(4.0f, -3.5f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-3.0f, -1.0f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 1.0f, 1.5));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 2.0f, -3.0));
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(60.0f), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
}
// renderCube() renders a 1x1 3D cube in NDC.
// -------------------------------------------------
unsigned int cubeVAO = 0;
unsigned int cubeVBO = 0;
void renderCube()
{
// initialize (if necessary)
if (cubeVAO == 0)
{
float vertices[] = {
// back face
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
// front face
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// left face
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
// right face
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// bottom face
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
// top face
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
1.0f, 1.0f , 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f // bottom-left
};
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
// fill buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// link vertex attributes
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
// RenderQuad() Renders a 1x1 quad in NDC
unsigned int quadVAO = 0;
unsigned int quadVBO;
void RenderQuad()
{
if (quadVAO == 0)
{
GLfloat quadVertices[] = {
// Positions // Texture Coords
-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
};
// Setup plane VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &quadVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &quadVBO);
glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quadVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(quadVertices), &quadVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
}
glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
2. 光照计算，显示最终场景
deferred_shading.fs
#version 330 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec2 TexCoords;
uniform sampler2D gPosition;
uniform sampler2D gNormal;
uniform sampler2D gAlbedoSpec;
struct SpotLight{
vec3 Direction;
vec3 Position;
float cutOff;
float outerCutOff;
vec3 Color;
float Linear;
float Quadratic;
};
const int NR_LIGHTS = 128;
uniform SpotLight lights[NR_LIGHTS];
uniform vec3 viewPos;
//计算聚光灯的效果
vec3 CalcSpotLight(SpotLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 fragPos, vec3 viewDir, vec3 diffuse, float specular);
void main() {
//对图片采样
vec3 FragPos = texture(gPosition, TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 Normal = texture(gNormal, TexCoords).rgb;
vec3 Diffuse = texture(gAlbedoSpec, TexCoords).rgb;
float Specular = texture(gAlbedoSpec, TexCoords).a;
//和平常一样计算光照
vec3 lighting = vec3(0.0f);
vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
for (int i = 0; i < NR_LIGHTS; ++i) {
lighting += CalcSpotLight(lights[i], Normal, FragPos, viewDir, Diffuse, Specular);
}
FragColor = vec4(lighting, 1.0);
}
//计算聚光灯的影响
vec3 CalcSpotLight(SpotLight light, vec3 normal, vec3 fragPos, vec3 viewDir, vec3 Diffuse, float Specular){
//环境光
vec3 ambient = 0.1 * Diffuse;
//漫反射光
vec3 norm = normalize(normal);
vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.Position - fragPos);
float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
vec3 diffuse = light.Color * diff * Diffuse;
//镜面高光
vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), 32);
vec3 specular = light.Color * spec * Specular;
//聚光灯
float theta = dot(lightDir, normalize(-light.Direction)); //计算片元角度的cos值
float epsilon = light.cutOff - light.outerCutOff; //计算epsilon的值，用内锥角的cos值减去外锥角的cos值
float intensity = clamp((theta - light.outerCutOff) / epsilon, 0.0, 1.0); //根据公式计算光照强度，并限制结果的范围
diffuse *= intensity;
specular *= intensity;
//衰减
float distance = length(light.Position - fragPos);
float attenuation = 1.0 / (1 + light.Linear * distance + light.Quadratic * (distance * distance));
ambient *= attenuation;
diffuse *= attenuation;
specular *= attenuation;
return ambient + diffuse + specular;
}
deferred_shading.vs
#version 330 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec2 aTexCoords;
out vec2 TexCoords;
void main()
{
TexCoords = aTexCoords;
gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);
}
main主程序
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include "Shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "model.h"
#include <iostream>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces);
void renderScene (const Shader &shader);
void renderCube();
void RenderQuad();
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
const float constant = 1.0; // 我们不会把这个数字传入到着色器中，而是假设它会是1
const float linear = 0.7;
const float quadratic = 1.8;
const float speed = 0.1;
bool blinn = false;
bool blinnKeyPressed = false;
bool gammaEnabled = true;
bool gammaKeyPressed = false;
bool bloom = true;
bool hdr = true; //change with 'space'
float exposure = 1.0f; // change with Q and E
// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;
// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
glm::vec3 lightDir = glm::vec3(0, -1, 1);
int showMapType = 1; // 显示图片类型：1.位置；2.发现；3.漫反射和镜面；4.正常场景
std::vector<glm::vec3> objectPositions;
//加载纹理
unsigned int diffuseMap = 0;
unsigned int specularMap = 0;
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "天哥学opengl", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
// glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK ,GL_LINE );
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
// build and compile shaders
// -------------------------
Shader ourShader("shader.vs", "shader.fs");
Shader showShader("showShader.vs", "showShader.fs");
Shader shaderLightingPass("deferred_shading.vs", "deferred_shading.fs");
diffuseMap = loadTexture("resource/container2.png");
specularMap = loadTexture("resource/container2_specular.png");
// G-Buffer的创建
unsigned int gBuffer;
glGenFramebuffers(1, &gBuffer);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer);
// 位置缓存
unsigned int gPosition;
glGenTextures(1, &gPosition);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB16F, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGB, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition, 0);
// 法线缓存
unsigned int gNormal;
glGenTextures(1, &gNormal);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGB, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal, 0);
// 漫反射和镜面高光缓存
unsigned int gAlbedoSpec;
glGenTextures(1, &gAlbedoSpec);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec, 0);
// 告诉OpenGl要渲染三个缓存
unsigned int attachments[3] = {GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2};
glDrawBuffers(3, attachments);
// 深度缓存
unsigned int rboDepth;
glGenRenderbuffers(1, &rboDepth);
glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboDepth);
glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboDepth);
// 检查
if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
{
std::cout << "帧缓存初始化失败!" << std::endl;
}
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// G-Buffer的创建-结束
const int NR_LIGHTS = 128;
std::vector<glm::vec3> lightPositions;
std::vector<glm::vec3> originLightPositions; // 光源初始位置，光源只能在此位置2.5的矩形范围内活动
std::vector<glm::vec2> lightMoveDirections; // 光源移动方向
std::vector<glm::vec3> lightColors;
srand(13);
for (int i = 0; i < NR_LIGHTS; i++) {
float xPos = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 15.0 - 7.5;
float yPos = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 15.0 - 7.5;
float zPos = 2.0;
lightPositions.push_back(glm::vec3(xPos, yPos, zPos));
originLightPositions.push_back(glm::vec3(xPos, yPos, zPos));
float xDir = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 2 - 1;
float yDir = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 2 - 1;
lightMoveDirections.push_back(glm::normalize(glm::vec2(xDir, yDir)));
//艳色值，在0.5到1之间
float rColor = ((rand() % 100) / 200.0f) + 0.5f;
float gColor = ((rand() % 100) / 200.0f) + 0.5f;
float bColor = ((rand() % 100) / 200.0f) + 0.5f;
}
showShader.use();
showShader.setInt("showMap", 0);
shaderLightingPass.use();
shaderLightingPass.setInt("gPosition", 0);
shaderLightingPass.setInt("gNormal", 1);
shaderLightingPass.setInt("gAlbedoSpec", 2);
float startFrame = glfwGetTime();
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
processInput(window);
glClearColor(0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// 1. 几何阶段
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer);
glClearColor(0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
ourShader.use();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT , 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
ourShader.setMat4("view", view);
//将所有的立方体渲染到帧缓存中
const int dim = 11;
const float offset = (float(dim - 1) * 1.5f) * 0.5f;
glm::mat4 model;
for (int yy = 0; yy < dim; ++yy) {
for (int xx = 0; xx < dim; ++xx) {
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-offset + float(xx) * 1.5f, -offset + float(yy) * 1.5f, 0.0f));
// model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(45.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f));
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(currentFrame * -25.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
ourShader.use();
ourShader.setInt("diffuse", 0);
ourShader.setInt("specualr", 1);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);
renderCube();
}
}
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// 2.渲染到四边形
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
if (showMapType == 1) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
RenderQuad();
}
else if (showMapType == 2) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
RenderQuad();
}
else if (showMapType == 3) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec);
RenderQuad();
}
else if (showMapType == 4){
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec);
for (int i = 0; i < lightMoveDirections.size(); i++) {
glm::vec2 moveStep = lightMoveDirections[i] * speed;
lightPositions[i] += glm::vec3(moveStep, 0.0f);
if (lightPositions[i].x < (originLightPositions[i].x - 2.5) || lightPositions[i].x > (originLightPositions[i].x + 2.5)) {
lightMoveDirections[i].x = -lightMoveDirections[i].x;
}
if (lightPositions[i].y < (originLightPositions[i].y - 2.5) || lightPositions[i].y > (originLightPositions[i].y + 2.5)) {
lightMoveDirections[i].y = -lightMoveDirections[i].y;
}
}
shaderLightingPass.use();
for (int i = 0; i < lightPositions.size(); ++i) {
shaderLightingPass.setVec3("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Position", lightPositions[i]);
shaderLightingPass.setFloat("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Linear", linear);
shaderLightingPass.setFloat("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Quadratic", quadratic);
shaderLightingPass.setVec3("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Direction", glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -3.0f));
shaderLightingPass.setFloat("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].cutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(17.5f)));
shaderLightingPass.setFloat("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].outerCutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(20.0f)));
}
shaderLightingPass.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
RenderQuad();
}
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
3. 项目最终完整代码
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include "stb_image.h"
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include "Shader.h"
#include "camera.h"
#include "model.h"
#include <iostream>
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos);
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset);
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window);
unsigned int loadTexture(const char *path);
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces);
void renderScene (const Shader &shader);
void renderCube();
void RenderQuad();
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
const float constant = 1.0; // 我们不会把这个数字传入到着色器中，而是假设它会是1
const float linear = 0.7;
const float quadratic = 1.8;
const float speed = 0.1;
bool blinn = false;
bool blinnKeyPressed = false;
bool gammaEnabled = true;
bool gammaKeyPressed = false;
bool bloom = true;
bool hdr = true; //change with 'space'
float exposure = 1.0f; // change with Q and E
// camera
Camera camera(glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 5.0f));
float lastX = (float)SCR_WIDTH / 2.0;
float lastY = (float)SCR_HEIGHT / 2.0;
bool firstMouse = true;
// timing
float deltaTime = 0.0f;
float lastFrame = 0.0f;
glm::vec3 lightDir = glm::vec3(0, -1, 1);
int showMapType = 1; // 显示图片类型：1.位置；2.发现；3.漫反射和镜面；4.正常场景
std::vector<glm::vec3> objectPositions;
//加载纹理
unsigned int diffuseMap = 0;
unsigned int specularMap = 0;
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "天哥学opengl", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
glfwSetCursorPosCallback(window, mouse_callback);
glfwSetScrollCallback(window, scroll_callback);
// tell GLFW to capture our mouse
// glfwSetInputMode(window, GLFW_CURSOR, GLFW_CURSOR_DISABLED);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
// glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK ,GL_LINE );
// configure global opengl state
// -----------------------------
glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
// build and compile shaders
// -------------------------
Shader ourShader("shader.vs", "shader.fs");
Shader showShader("showShader.vs", "showShader.fs");
Shader shaderLightingPass("deferred_shading.vs", "deferred_shading.fs");
Shader shaderLightBox("deferred_light_box.vs", "deferred_light_box.fs");
diffuseMap = loadTexture("resource/container2.png");
specularMap = loadTexture("resource/container2_specular.png");
// G-Buffer的创建
unsigned int gBuffer;
glGenFramebuffers(1, &gBuffer);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer);
// 位置缓存
unsigned int gPosition;
glGenTextures(1, &gPosition);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB16F, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGB, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition, 0);
// 法线缓存
unsigned int gNormal;
glGenTextures(1, &gNormal);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA16F, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGB, GL_FLOAT, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal, 0);
// 漫反射和镜面高光缓存
unsigned int gAlbedoSpec;
glGenTextures(1, &gAlbedoSpec);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, NULL);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2, GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec, 0);
// 告诉OpenGl要渲染三个缓存
unsigned int attachments[3] = {GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT1, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT2};
glDrawBuffers(3, attachments);
// 深度缓存
unsigned int rboDepth;
glGenRenderbuffers(1, &rboDepth);
glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboDepth);
glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_COMPONENT, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT);
glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, rboDepth);
// 检查
if (glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE)
{
std::cout << "帧缓存初始化失败!" << std::endl;
}
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// G-Buffer的创建-结束
const int NR_LIGHTS = 128;
std::vector<glm::vec3> lightPositions;
std::vector<glm::vec3> originLightPositions; // 光源初始位置，光源只能在此位置2.5的矩形范围内活动
std::vector<glm::vec3> lightMoveDirections; // 光源移动方向
std::vector<glm::vec3> lightColors;
srand(13);
for (int i = 0; i < NR_LIGHTS; i++) {
float xPos = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 15.0 - 7.5;
float yPos = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 15.0 - 7.5;
float zPos = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 15.0 - 7.5;
lightPositions.push_back(glm::vec3(xPos, yPos, zPos));
originLightPositions.push_back(glm::vec3(xPos, yPos, zPos));
float xDir = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 2 - 1;
float yDir = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 2 - 1;
float zDir = ((rand() % 100) / 100.0) * 2 - 1;
lightMoveDirections.push_back(glm::normalize(glm::vec3(xDir, yDir, zDir)));
//艳色值，在0.5到1之间
float rColor = ((rand() % 100) / 200.0f) + 0.5f;
float gColor = ((rand() % 100) / 200.0f) + 0.5f;
float bColor = ((rand() % 100) / 200.0f) + 0.5f;
lightColors.push_back(glm::vec3(rColor, gColor, bColor));
}
for (int i = 0; i < lightMoveDirections.size(); i++) {
glm::vec2 moveStep = lightMoveDirections[i] * speed;
lightPositions[i] += glm::vec3(moveStep, 0.0f);
if (lightPositions[i].x < (originLightPositions[i].x - 2.5) || lightPositions[i].x > (originLightPositions[i].x + 2.5)) {
lightMoveDirections[i].x = -lightMoveDirections[i].x;
}
if (lightPositions[i].y < (originLightPositions[i].y - 2.5) || lightPositions[i].y > (originLightPositions[i].y + 2.5)) {
lightMoveDirections[i].y = -lightMoveDirections[i].y;
}
if (lightPositions[i].z < (originLightPositions[i].z - 2.5) || lightPositions[i].z > (originLightPositions[i].z + 2.5)) {
lightMoveDirections[i].z = -lightMoveDirections[i].z;
}
}
showShader.use();
showShader.setInt("showMap", 0);
shaderLightingPass.use();
shaderLightingPass.setInt("gPosition", 0);
shaderLightingPass.setInt("gNormal", 1);
shaderLightingPass.setInt("gAlbedoSpec", 2);
float startFrame = glfwGetTime();
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
float currentFrame = glfwGetTime();
deltaTime = currentFrame - lastFrame;
lastFrame = currentFrame;
processInput(window);
glClearColor(0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// 1. 几何阶段
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer);
glClearColor(0.05f, 0.05f, 0.05f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
ourShader.use();
glm::mat4 projection = glm::perspective(glm::radians(camera.Zoom), (float)SCR_WIDTH / (float)SCR_HEIGHT , 0.1f, 100.0f);
glm::mat4 view = camera.GetViewMatrix();
ourShader.setMat4("projection", projection);
ourShader.setMat4("view", view);
//将所有的立方体渲染到帧缓存中
const int dim = 11;
const float offset = (float(dim - 1) * 1.5f) * 0.5f;
glm::mat4 model;
for (int yy = 0; yy < dim; ++yy) {
for (int xx = 0; xx < dim; ++xx) {
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-offset + float(xx) * 1.5f, -offset + float(yy) * 1.5f, 0.0f));
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(45.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f));
// model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(currentFrame * -25.0f), glm::vec3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
ourShader.setMat4("model", model);
ourShader.use();
ourShader.setInt("diffuse", 0);
ourShader.setInt("specualr", 1);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, diffuseMap);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, specularMap);
renderCube();
//
// // 显示所有格的光源
// glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
// shaderLightBox.use();
}
}
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
// 2.渲染到四边形
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
if (showMapType == 1) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
RenderQuad();
}
else if (showMapType == 2) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
RenderQuad();
}
else if (showMapType == 3) {
showShader.use();
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec);
RenderQuad();
}
else if (showMapType == 4){
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gPosition);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gNormal);
glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE2);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, gAlbedoSpec);
// for (int i = 0; i < lightMoveDirections.size(); i++) {
// glm::vec2 moveStep = lightMoveDirections[i] * speed;
// lightPositions[i] += glm::vec3(moveStep, 0.0f);
// if (lightPositions[i].x < (originLightPositions[i].x - 2.5) || lightPositions[i].x > (originLightPositions[i].x + 2.5)) {
// lightMoveDirections[i].x = -lightMoveDirections[i].x;
// }
// if (lightPositions[i].y < (originLightPositions[i].y - 2.5) || lightPositions[i].y > (originLightPositions[i].y + 2.5)) {
// lightMoveDirections[i].y = -lightMoveDirections[i].y;
// }
// }
shaderLightingPass.use();
for (int i = 0; i < lightPositions.size(); ++i) {
shaderLightingPass.setVec3("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Position", lightPositions[i]);
shaderLightingPass.setVec3("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Color", lightColors[i]);
shaderLightingPass.setFloat("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Linear", linear);
shaderLightingPass.setFloat("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Quadratic", quadratic);
shaderLightingPass.setVec3("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].Direction", glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, -3.0f));
shaderLightingPass.setFloat("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].cutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(17.5f)));
shaderLightingPass.setFloat("lights[" + std::to_string(i) + "].outerCutOff", glm::cos(glm::radians(20.0f)));
}
shaderLightingPass.setVec3("viewPos", camera.Position);
RenderQuad();
// 显示所有的光源
// glClear(GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_READ_FRAMEBUFFER, gBuffer);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER, 0); // Write to default framebuffer
glBlitFramebuffer(0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, 0, 0, SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT, GL_NEAREST);
glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
shaderLightBox.use();
shaderLightBox.setMat4("projection", projection);
shaderLightBox.setMat4("view", view);
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < lightPositions.size(); i++) {
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0);
model = glm::translate(model, lightPositions[i]);
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.1f));
shaderLightBox.setMat4("model", model);
shaderLightBox.setVec3("lightColor", lightColors[i]);
renderCube();
}
}
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool startRecord = false;
void processInput(GLFWwindow *window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_1) == GLFW_PRESS) {
showMapType = 1;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_2) == GLFW_PRESS) {
showMapType = 2;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_3) == GLFW_PRESS) {
showMapType = 3;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_4) == GLFW_PRESS) {
showMapType = 4;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_B) == GLFW_PRESS && !gammaKeyPressed)
{
gammaEnabled = !gammaEnabled;
gammaKeyPressed = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_B) == GLFW_RELEASE)
{
gammaKeyPressed = false;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_Y))
{
std::cout << "Y" << std::endl;
startRecord = true;
firstMouse = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_N))
{
std::cout << "N" << std::endl;
startRecord = false;
}
if (startRecord) {
return;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_W) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(FORWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_S) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(BACKWARD, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_A) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(LEFT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_D) == GLFW_PRESS)
camera.ProcessKeyboard(RIGHT, deltaTime);
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_Q) == GLFW_PRESS)
exposure -= 0.5 * deltaTime;
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_E) == GLFW_PRESS)
exposure += 0.5 * deltaTime;
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_SPACE) == GLFW_PRESS && !gammaKeyPressed)
{
hdr = !hdr;
gammaKeyPressed = true;
}
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_SPACE) == GLFW_RELEASE)
{
gammaKeyPressed = false;
}
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse moves, this callback is called
// -------------------------------------------------------
void mouse_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xpos, double ypos)
{
// std::cout << "xpos : " << xpos << std::endl;
// std::cout << "ypos : " << ypos << std::endl;
if (startRecord) {
return;
}
if (firstMouse)
{
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
firstMouse = false;
}
float xoffset = xpos - lastX;
float yoffset = lastY - ypos; // reversed since y-coordinates go from bottom to top
lastX = xpos;
lastY = ypos;
// std::cout << "xoffset : " << xoffset << std::endl;
// std::cout << "yoffset : " << yoffset << std::endl;
camera.ProcessMouseMovement(xoffset, yoffset);
}
// glfw: whenever the mouse scroll wheel scrolls, this callback is called
// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
void scroll_callback(GLFWwindow* window, double xoffset, double yoffset)
{
camera.ProcessMouseScroll(yoffset);
}
// utility function for loading a 2D texture from file
// ---------------------------------------------------
unsigned int loadTexture(char const * path)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
int width, height, nrComponents;
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(path, &width, &height, &nrComponents, 0);
if (data)
{
GLenum format;
if (nrComponents == 1)
format = GL_RED;
else if (nrComponents == 3)
format = GL_RGB;
else if (nrComponents == 4)
format = GL_RGBA;
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textureID);
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, format, width, height, 0, format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Texture failed to load at path: " << path << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
return textureID;
}
unsigned int loadCubemap(vector<std::string> faces)
{
unsigned int textureID;
glGenTextures(1, &textureID);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, textureID);
int width, height, nrChannels;
for (unsigned int i = 0; i < faces.size(); i++) {
unsigned char *data = stbi_load(faces[i].c_str(), &width, &height, &nrChannels, 0);
if (data)
{
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X + i, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data);
stbi_image_free(data);
}
else
{
std::cout << "Cubemap texture failed to load at path: " << faces[i] << std::endl;
stbi_image_free(data);
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_R, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
}
return textureID;
}
void renderScene(const Shader &shader)
{
// room cube
glm::mat4 model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(5.0f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
glDisable(GL_CULL_FACE); // note that we disable culling here since we render 'inside' the cube instead of the usual 'outside' which throws off the normal culling methods.
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 1); // A small little hack to invert normals when drawing cube from the inside so lighting still works.
renderCube();
shader.setInt("reverse_normals", 0); // and of course disable it
glEnable(GL_CULL_FACE);
// cubes
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(4.0f, -3.5f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(2.0f, 3.0f, 1.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-3.0f, -1.0f, 0.0));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 1.0f, 1.5));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.5f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
model = glm::mat4(1.0f);
model = glm::translate(model, glm::vec3(-1.5f, 2.0f, -3.0));
model = glm::rotate(model, glm::radians(60.0f), glm::normalize(glm::vec3(1.0, 0.0, 1.0)));
model = glm::scale(model, glm::vec3(0.75f));
shader.setMat4("model", model);
renderCube();
}
// renderCube() renders a 1x1 3D cube in NDC.
// -------------------------------------------------
unsigned int cubeVAO = 0;
unsigned int cubeVBO = 0;
void renderCube()
{
// initialize (if necessary)
if (cubeVAO == 0)
{
float vertices[] = {
// back face
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
// front face
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// left face
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-right
// right face
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
// bottom face
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-left
-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
// top face
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
1.0f, 1.0f , 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, // top-right
1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, // bottom-right
-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, // top-left
-1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f // bottom-left
};
glGenVertexArrays(1, &cubeVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &cubeVBO);
// fill buffer
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, cubeVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
// link vertex attributes
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(3 * sizeof(float)));
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 8 * sizeof(float), (void*)(6 * sizeof(float)));
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
glBindVertexArray(cubeVAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
// RenderQuad() Renders a 1x1 quad in NDC
unsigned int quadVAO = 0;
unsigned int quadVBO;
void RenderQuad()
{
if (quadVAO == 0)
{
GLfloat quadVertices[] = {
// Positions // Texture Coords
-1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
-1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, -1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
};
// Setup plane VAO
glGenVertexArrays(1, &quadVAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &quadVBO);
glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, quadVBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(quadVertices), &quadVertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 5 * sizeof(GLfloat), (GLvoid*)(3 * sizeof(GLfloat)));
}
glBindVertexArray(quadVAO);
glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4);
glBindVertexArray(0);
}
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