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1934年12月18日,中共中央政治局召开黎平会议,确定了中央红军向黔北进军的正确战略方针。黎平会议后,毛泽东参与最高领导层工作。红军在周恩来、朱德的直接领导下,按毛泽东“避实就虚”的正确主张行动,挥戈西进,所向披靡,连克数城。胜利中,广大指战员逐渐认识到“左”倾军事路线的错误给红军带来的危害,认识到毛泽东的正确,强烈要求尽快结束“左”倾错误领导,让毛泽东回到红军的领导地位上来。而掌握红军领导权和指挥权的李德、博古置中央政治局黎平会议决议不顾,仍顽固地坚持北上黔东、再入湘西的计划,提出召开政治局会议重新研究,一路上争吵不休,并散布“到了乌江南岸,红军就该拐弯了,应当沿着打前站的六军团的路线前进”等流言蜚语,企图分散红军主力,沿乌江右岸边打游击边去湘西,实现与红二、六军团会合的计划。他们的行为引起部队思想混乱。毛泽东意识到问题的严重性,如不解决,将直接影响即将进行的乌江战役。
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面对这一严重局势,李德、博古仍不放弃去湘西的意图,提出要红军“一是不过乌江”在南岸打游击;“二是回头与红二、六军团会合”。为此,中共中央在红军到达猴场的当天(31日)下午5时左右至1935年1月1日凌晨,召开了政治局会议,史称猴场会议。参加会议的有毛泽东、朱德、周恩来,王稼祥、张闻天、李富春、李德、博古、伍修权。会议通过激烈的争论,再次否定李德等人回头东进与红二、六军团会合的错误主张,重申黎平会议决定,作出《关于渡江后新的行动方针的决定》,基本结束了“三人团”对红军的军事指挥权,初步形成以毛泽东为核心的军事指挥中枢,为遵义会议的成功奠定了基础。红军按照黎平会议决定的“应坚决消灭阻拦我之黔敌部队,对蒋、湘、桂诸敌应力争避免大的战斗,但在前进路线上与上述诸敌部队遭遇时,则应打击之,以保证我向指定地区前进”的方针,强渡乌江天险,攻占了遵义,掀开了中国革命的新篇章。
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长征精神是一种“自强不息,百折不挠;团结精进,奉献忘我;艰苦卓绝,智勇双超;人民至上,信仰天高;世界大同,不胜不休”的精神,我们应该继续把这种精神发扬光大。
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