iOS KVO

作者: 天空像天空一样蓝 | 来源:发表于2019-09-27 19:09 被阅读0次

    KVO

    KVO的全称是Key-Value-Observing,俗称“键值监听”,可以用于监听某个对象属性的改变。

    1、KVO的使用

    1. 注册Observer
    2. 接收属性值的改变
    3. 移除Observer

    1.1、注册Observer

    - (void)addObserver:(NSObject *)observer forKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath options:(NSKeyValueObservingOptions)options context:(nullable void *)context;
    

    observer 观察者,监听属性变化的对象,该对象必须实现
    keyPath要观察的属性名称
    options调用接收方法的时机以及包含的内容
    context上下文,可以传入任意类型的对象,将在消息回调时,接收这个对象。
    options 参数解读,一般我们使用NSKeyValueObservingOptionNewNSKeyValueObservingOptionOld

    typedef NS_OPTIONS(NSUInteger, NSKeyValueObservingOptions) {
        NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew = 0x01,
        NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld = 0x02,
        NSKeyValueObservingOptionInitial API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.5), ios(2.0), watchos(2.0), tvos(9.0)) = 0x04,
        NSKeyValueObservingOptionPrior API_AVAILABLE(macos(10.5), ios(2.0), watchos(2.0), tvos(9.0)) = 0x08
    };
    NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew:接收方法的change参数的中包含新的值(NSKeyValueChangeNewKey)
    NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld:接收方法的change参数的中包含旧的值(NSKeyValueChangeOldKey)
    NSKeyValueObservingOptionInitial:注册的时候发一次通知,改变后也发送一次通知
    NSKeyValueObservingOptionPrior:属性改变之前发一次,改变之后再发一次,变化前的通知change参数包含notificationIsPrior = 1
    
    

    1.2、接收属性值的改变

    - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(nullable NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(nullable id)object change:(nullable NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey, id> *)change context:(nullable void *)context;
    

    keyPath被观察的属性名称
    object 被观察的对象
    change在注册是用options参数进行的配置,包含的内容
    context上下文

    change的key(NSKeyValueChangeKey)有以下几种

    NSKeyValueChangeSetting = 1,  // 赋值(下面demo中打印结果就是kind==1)
    NSKeyValueChangeInsertion = 2, // 插入
    NSKeyValueChangeRemoval = 3, // 移除
    NSKeyValueChangeReplacement = 4,// 替换
    NSKeyValueChangeNewKey, // 新值
    NSKeyValueChangeOldKey, // 旧值
    

    1.3、移除Observer

    - (void)removeObserver:(NSObject *)observer forKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath;
    

    observer 要移除的观察者
    keyPath 要移除的属性名称

    1.4、Demo

    @interface Person : NSObject
    @property (assign, nonatomic) int age;
    @end
    
    #import "ViewController.h"
    #import "Person.h"
    
    @interface ViewController ()
    @property (strong, nonatomic) Person *person;
    @end
    
    @implementation ViewController
    
    - (void)viewDidLoad {
        [super viewDidLoad];
        
        self.person = [[Person alloc] init];
        self.person.age = 1;
    
        // 1、给person对象添加KVO监听
        NSKeyValueObservingOptions options = NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld;
        [self.person addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:options context:nil];
    }
    
    - (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
        self.person.age = 20;
    }
    
    - (void)dealloc {
    // 3、移除Observer
        [self.person removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age"];
        
    }
    
    // 2、当监听对象的属性值发生改变时,就会调用
    - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change context:(void *)context {
        NSLog(@"监听到==%@==的==%@==属性值改变了 - %@ - %@", object, keyPath, change, context);
    }
    @end
    

    打印

    监听到==<Person: 0x600003eacd90>==的==age==属性值改变了 - {
        kind = 1;
        new = 20;
        old = 1;
    } - (null)
    

    2、KVO 的本质

    只贴出部分代码, 如下,我们只对person1 进行监听,看打印的结果

    - (void)viewDidLoad {
        [super viewDidLoad];
        
        self.person1 = [[Person alloc] init];
        self.person1.age = 1;
    
        self.person2 = [[Person alloc] init];
        self.person2.age = 2;
    
        // 给person1对象添加KVO监听
        NSKeyValueObservingOptions options = NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld;
        [self.person1 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:options context:nil];
    }
    
    - (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
        self.person1.age = 11;
        self.person2.age = 22;
    }
    

    打印结果看,值对person1进行了打印,person2却没有打印。

    (lldb) po self.person1
    <Person: 0x60000177bb30>
    监听到==<Person: 0x60000177bb30>==的==age==属性值改变了 - {
        kind = 1;
        new = 11;
        old = 1;
    } - (null)
    

    在改变age的地方打断点,分别打印person1person2调试剖析代码

    (lldb) p self.person1.isa
    (Class) $2 = NSKVONotifying_Person
      Fix-it applied, fixed expression was: 
        self.person1->isa
    (lldb) p self.person2.isa
    (Class) $3 = Person
      Fix-it applied, fixed expression was: 
        self.person2->isa
    

    我们发现,两个isa(实例对象isa指向类对象)不一样
    person1的isa指向的是NSKVONotifying_Person,使用KVO监听,我们发现使用KVO监听的类多了一个NSKVONotifying_Person(是使用Runtime动态创建的一个类,是person类的子类)

    使用KVO监听.png

    person2的isa指向的是Person,未使用KVO监听

    未使用KVO监听.png

    当我们调用实例对象的isa,会去类对象找到对应方法的实现。

    • person2未使用KVO监听,所以直接调用Person类对象的gettersetter方法。
    • person1使用KVO监听,所以会去调用NSKVONotifying_Person类对象的gettersetter方法。

    2.1、大概的实现流程如下

    #import "Person.h"
    @interface NSKVONotifying_Person : Person
    @end
    
    @implementation NSKVONotifying_Person
    
    - (void)setAge:(int)age
    {
        _NSSetIntValueAndNotify();
    }
    
    // 伪代码
    void _NSSetIntValueAndNotify() {
        [self willChangeValueForKey:@"age"];
        [super setAge:age]; // 真正改变值
        [self didChangeValueForKey:@"age"];
    }
    
    - (void)didChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key {
        // 通知监听器,某某属性值发生了改变
        [oberser observeValueForKeyPath:key ofObject:self change:nil context:nil];
    }
    

    2.2 分析KVO底层实现

    • 在监听之前后调用object_getClass(<#id _Nullable obj#>)
    NSLog(@"person1添加KVO监听之前 - person1 == %@ person2 == %@",
              object_getClass(self.person1),
              object_getClass(self.person2));
    
    // 给person1对象添加KVO监听
    NSKeyValueObservingOptions options = NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld;
        [self.person1 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:options context:@"123"];
    
    NSLog(@"person1添加KVO监听之后 - person1 == %@ person2 == %@",
              object_getClass(self.person1),
              object_getClass(self.person2));
    
    • 打印结果:在添加KVO后,person1的类发生了改变-->NSKVONotifying_Person
    person1添加KVO监听之前 - person1 == Person person2 == Person
    person1添加KVO监听之后 - person1 == NSKVONotifying_Person person2 == Person
    
    • 在监听之前后调用methodForSelector:<#(SEL)#>
    NSLog(@"person1添加KVO监听之前 - person1 == %p person2 == %p",
              [self.person1 methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)],
              [self.person2 methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)]);
    
    // 给person1对象添加KVO监听
    NSKeyValueObservingOptions options = NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld;
        [self.person1 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:options context:@"123"];
    
    NSLog(@"person1添加KVO监听之后 - person1 == %p person2 == %p",
              [self.person1 methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)],
              [self.person2 methodForSelector:@selector(setAge:)]);
    
    • 打印结果:在添加KVO后,person1的类地址发生了改变。
    person1添加KVO监听之前 - person1 == 0x1004375e0 person2 == 0x1004375e0
    person1添加KVO监听之后 - person1 == 0x100792216 person2 == 0x1004375e0
    
    • 使用lldb指令打印地址对应的方法 p (IMP) 地址,添加KVO监听之前改变age值的方法就是[Person setAge:],监听KVO后的方法则是(Foundation_NSSetIntValueAndNotify)Foundation框架下的_NSSetIntValueAndNotify`方法
    (lldb) p (IMP) 0x10ab575e0
    (IMP) $0 = 0x000000010ab575e0 (`-[Person setAge:] at Person.m:13)
    
    (lldb) p (IMP) 0x10aeb2216
    (IMP) $1 = 0x000000010aeb2216 (Foundation`_NSSetIntValueAndNotify)
    

    2.3、窥探Foundation框架下的_NSSetIntValueAndNotify

    • 使用反编译工具hopper打开foundation文件,搜索_NSSetIntValueAndNotify可以看到
    foundation.png
    • 使用终端命令 nm Foundation | grep ValueAndNotify打印,可以看到有BoolCharDoubleFloatIntLongLongLongObjectPointRangeRectShortSize等等
    ValueAndNotify.png

    思考 假如我们把上面Person里面age属性的类型换成Double,那么KVO触发后,底层会调用哪个函数呢?

    2.4、__NSSet XX ValueAndNotify的内部实现

    1. 调用[self willChangeValueForKey:@"age"]
    2. 调用 [super setAge:age]
    3. 调用 [self didChangeValueForKey:@"age"]
    • didChangeValueForKey内部会调用observer的- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(nullable NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(nullable id)object change:(nullable NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey, id> *)change context:(nullable void *)context;方法

    在Person类中实现

    - (void)setAge:(int)age {
        _age = age;
        NSLog(@"setAge:");
    }
    
    - (void)willChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key {
        [super willChangeValueForKey:key];
        NSLog(@"willChangeValueForKey");
    }
    
    - (void)didChangeValueForKey:(NSString *)key {
        NSLog(@"didChangeValueForKey - begin");
        [super didChangeValueForKey:key];
        NSLog(@"didChangeValueForKey - end");
    }
    

    ViewController中实现代码

    - (void)viewDidLoad {
        [super viewDidLoad];
        self.person1 = [[Person alloc] init];
        self.person1.age = 1;
        // 给person1对象添加KVO监听
        NSKeyValueObservingOptions options = NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld;
        [self.person1 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:options context:@"123"];
    }
    
    - (void)touchesBegan:(NSSet<UITouch *> *)touches withEvent:(UIEvent *)event {
            [self.person1 setAge:21];
    }
    
    - (void)dealloc {
        [self.person1 removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age"];
    }
    
    // 当监听对象的属性值发生改变时,就会调用
    - (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey,id> *)change context:(void *)context {
        NSLog(@"监听到%@的%@属性值改变了 - %@ - %@", object, keyPath, change, context);
    }
    
    

    打印结果:验证了上面说的内部实现步骤

    willChangeValueForKey
    setAge:
    didChangeValueForKey - begin
    监听到<Person: 0x600003df4330>的age属性值改变了 - {
        kind = 1;
        new = 21;
        old = 1;
    } - 123
    didChangeValueForKey - end
    

    面试

    iOS 用什么方式实现对一个对象的KVO?(KVO的本质是什么?)

    • 利用RuntimeAPI 动态生成一个子类,并且让instance对象的isa指向这个全新的子类。

    • 当修改instance对象的属性是,会调用Foundation的_NSSetXXXValueAndNotify函数

    • 调用[self willChangeValueForKey:@"age"]
      调用 [super setAge:age]
      调用 [self didChangeValueForKey:@"age"]

      didChangeValueForKey内部会调用observer的- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(nullable NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(nullable id)object change:(nullable NSDictionary<NSKeyValueChangeKey, id> *)change context:(nullable void *)context;方法

    如何手动触发KVO?

    • 通过调用willChangeValueForKeydidChangeValueForKey来触发

    直接修改属性的值会触发KVO吗?

    • 不会触发(是通过setter方法触发)

    补充

    1.1 isa指向何方

    我们上面提到过,实例对象的isa指向类对象,类对象的isa指向元类对象。但是,我们通过KVO监听后产生的NSKVONotifying_Personisa指向哪里呢?

    Snip20190918_14.png
    NSKeyValueObservingOptions options = NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld;
        [self.person1 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:options context:@"123"];
    
    NSLog(@"类对象 - person1 == %p person2 == %p",
              object_getClass(self.person1),  // self.person1.isa
              object_getClass(self.person2)); // self.person2.isa
    
    NSLog(@"元类对象 - person1 == %p person2 == %p",
              object_getClass(object_getClass(self.person1)), // self.person1.isa.isa
              object_getClass(object_getClass(self.person2))); // self.person2.isa.isa
    

    打印结果:NSKVONotifying_Personisa指向NSKVONotifying_Person的metaClass对象

    打印地址
    类对象 - person1 == 0x600001dd3600 person2 == 0x10da2f158
    元类对象 - person1 == 0x600001dd3690 person2 == 0x10da2f180
    
    打印类名
    类对象 - person1 == NSKVONotifying_Person person2 == Person
    元类对象 - person1 == NSKVONotifying_Person person2 == Person
    

    1.2 NSKVONotifying_Person和Person里面存的都是什么?

    • 利用runtime获取类的方法
    - (void)printMethodNamesOfClass:(Class)cls {
        unsigned int count;
        // 获得方法数组
        Method *methodList = class_copyMethodList(cls, &count);
        
        // 存储方法名
        NSMutableString *methodNames = [NSMutableString string];
        
        // 遍历所有的方法
        for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            // 获得方法
            Method method = methodList[i];
            // 获得方法名
            NSString *methodName = NSStringFromSelector(method_getName(method));
            // 拼接方法名
            [methodNames appendString:methodName];
            [methodNames appendString:@", "];
        }
        
        // 释放
        free(methodList);
        
        // 打印方法名
        NSLog(@"方法名 == %@ %@", cls, methodNames);
    }
    

    调用上面的方法打印得到:person1,person2里面包含的方法名

    [self printMethodNamesOfClass:object_getClass(self.person1)];
    [self printMethodNamesOfClass:object_getClass(self.person2)];
    
    方法名 == NSKVONotifying_Person setAge:, class, dealloc, _isKVOA, 
    方法名 == Person age, setAge:, 
    

    1.3 NSKVONotifying_Person 里面的_isKVOAdeallocclasssetAge是什么

    猜想

    • _isKVOA:
    - (BOOL)_isKVOA {
        return YES;
    }
    
    • dealloc:
    - (void)dealloc {
        // 收尾工作
    }
    
    • setAge:
    - (void)setAge:(int)age {
    // 调用
        _NSSetIntValueAndNotify();
    }
    
    • class:
      我们知道person1通过KVO监听后生成了NSKVONotifying_Person
     NSKeyValueObservingOptions options = NSKeyValueObservingOptionNew | NSKeyValueObservingOptionOld;
    [self.person1 addObserver:self forKeyPath:@"age" options:options context:@"123"];
        
    NSLog(@"person1 == %@, person2 == %@", object_getClass(self.person1), object_getClass(self.person2));
    NSLog(@"person1 == %@, person2 == %@", [self.person1 class], [self.person2 class]);
    

    打印结果:两个方法打印结果不一样,很显然object_getClass(self.person1)这种方法是正确的,为什么[self.person1 class] 显示的却是NSKVONotifying_Person类的父类呢?

    • 我们创建的项目中并没有NSKVONotifying_Person 这个类,暴露为用户,且NSKVONotifying_Person 这个类是Person类的子类,在class方法中直接返回了[Person class]
    • 苹果的一种保护措施,上下一致(并没有创建NSKVONotifying_Person 这个类)
    person1 == NSKVONotifying_Person, person2 == Person
    person1 == Person, person2 == Person
    
    // 屏蔽内部实现,隐藏了NSKVONotifying_Person类的存在
    - (Class)class {
        return [Person class];
    }
    

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