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underscore源码&英文注释

underscore源码&英文注释

作者: 宫若石 | 来源:发表于2017-12-07 19:18 被阅读0次
    /**
     *Underscore.js 1.8.3
     *http://underscorejs.org
     *(c) 2009-2015 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
     *Underscore may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
     */
    (function() {
    
      /* BASELINE SETUP */
      //  Establish the root object, window in the browser, or exports on the server.
      var root = this;
      //  Save the previous value of the _ variable.
      var previousUnderscore = root._;
      //  Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
      var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = function.prototype;
    
      //  Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
      var
        push            = ArrayProto.push,
        slice           = ArrayProto.slice,
        toString        = ObjProto.toString,
        hasOwenProperty = ObjProto.hasOwenProperty;
    
      //  All ECMAScript 5 native function implementations that we hope to use are declared here.
      var
        nativeIsArray = Array.isArray,
        nativeKeys    = Object.keys,
        nativeBind    = FuncProto.bind,
        nativeCreate  = Object.create;
    
      //  Naked function reference for surrogate-prototype-swapping.
      var Ctor = function(){};
    
      //  Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
      var _ = function(obj) {
        if (obj instanceof _) return obj;
        if (!(this instanceof _)) return new _(obj);
        this._wrapped = obj;
      };
    
      /**
       * Export the Underscore object for Node.js, with backwards-compatibility for the old require() API.
       * If we’re in the browser, add _ as a global object.
       */
      if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
        if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
          exports = module.exports = _;
        }
        exports._ = _;
      } else {
        root._ = _;
      }
    
      //  Current version.
      _.VERSION = '1.8.3';
    
      /**
       * Internal function that returns an efficient 
       * (for current engines) version of the passed-in callback, 
       * to be repeatedly applied in other Underscore functions.
       */
      var optimizeCb = function(func, context, argCount) {
        if (context === void 0) return func;
        switch (argCount == null ? 3 : argCount) {
          case 1: return function(value) {
            return func.call(context, value);
          };
          case 2: return function(value, other) {
            return func.call(context, value, other);
          };
          case 3: return function(value, index, collection) {
            return func.call(context, value, index, collection);
          };
          case 4: return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
            return func.call(context, accumulator, value, index, collection);
          };
        }
        return function() {
          return func.apply(context, arguments);
        };
      };
    
      /**
       * A mostly-internal function to generate callbacks
       * that can be applied to each element in a collection,
       * returning the desired result — 
       * either identity, an arbitrary callback, a property matcher, or a property accessor.
       */
      var cb = funtion(value, context, argCount) {
        if (value == null) return _.identity;
        if (_.isFunction(value)) return optimizeCb(func, context, argCount);
        if (_.isObject(value)) return _.matcher(value);
        return _.property(value);
      };
      _.iteratee = function(value, context) {
        return cb(value, context, Infinity);
      };
    
      //  An internal function for creating assigner functions.
      var createAssigner = function(keysFunc, undefinedOnly) {
        return function(obj) {
          var length = arguments.length;
          if (length < 2 || obj == null) return obj;
          for(var index = 1; index < length; index++) {
            var source = arguments[index],
                keys = keysFunc(source),
                l = keys.length;
            for (var i = 0; i < l; i++) {
              var key = keys[i];
              if (!undefinedOnly || obj[key] === void 0) obj[key] = source[key]; 
            }
          }
          return obj;
        };
      };
      //  An internal function for creating a new object that inherits from another.
      var baseCreate = function(prototype) {
        if (!_.isObject(prototype)) return {};
        if (nativeCreate) return nativeCreate(prototype);
        Ctor.prototype = prototype;
        var result = new Ctor;
        Ctor.prototype = null;
        return result;
      };
    
      var property = function(key) {
        return function(obj){
          return obj == null ? void 0 : obj[key];
        };
      };
      /**
       * Helper for collection methods to determine 
       * whether a collection should be iterated as an array or as an object 
       * Related: http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-tolength 
       * Avoids a very nasty iOS 8 JIT bug on ARM-64. #2094
       */
      var MAX_ARRAY_INDEX = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
      var getLength = property('length');
      var isArrayLike = function(collection) {
        var length = getLength(collection);
        return typeof length == 'number' && length >= 0 && length <= MAX_ARRAY_INDEX;
      };
    
      //  COLLECTION FUNCTIONS
      //  The cornerstone, an each implementation. aka forEach. 
      //  Handles raw objects in addition to array-likes.
      //  Treats all sparse at array-likes as if they were dense.
      _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
        iteratee = optimizeCb(iteratee, context);
        var i, length;
        if (isArrayLike(obj)) {
          for(i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
            iteratee(obj[i], i, obj);
          }
        } else {
          var keys = _.keys(obj);
          for(i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
            iteratee(obj[keys[i]], key[i], obj);
          }
        }
        return obj;
      };
    
      //  Renturn the resulis of applying the iteratee to ecach element
      _.map = _.collect = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
        iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
        var keys = isArrayLike(obj) && _.keys(obj),
            length = (keys || obj).length,
            results = Array(length);
        for(var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
          var currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
          results[index] = iteratee(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
        } 
        return results;   
      };
    
      // Create a reducing function iterating left or right
      function createReduce(dir) {
        // Optimized iterator function as using arguments length in
        // the main function will deoptimize the see #1991
        function iterator(obj, iteratee, memo, keys, index, length) {
          for(; index >= 0 && index < length; index += dir) {
            var currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
            memo = iteratee(memo, obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
          }
          return memo;
        }
    
        return function(obj, iteratee, memo, context) {
          iteratee = optimizeCb(iteratee, context, 4);
          var keys = !isArrayLike(obj) && _.keys(obj);
              lengths = (keys || obj.length).length;
              index = dir > 0 ? 0 : length - 1;
    
          //  Determine the initial value if none is provided
          if(arguments.length < 3) {
            memo = obj[keys ? keys[index] : index]
            index += dir;
          }
          return iterator(obj, iteratee, memo, keys, index, length);
        };
      }
    
      //  Reduce builds up a single result from a list of values, 
      //  aka inject or foldl.
      _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = createReduce(1);
    
      //  The right-associative version of reduce, also known flodr.
      _.reduceRight = _.foldr = createReduce(-1);
      
      //  Return the first value which passes a truth test.
      //  Aliased as detect.
      _.find = _.detect = function(obj, predicate, context) {
        var key;
        if (isArrayLike(obj)) {
          key = _.findIndex(obj, predicate, context);
        } else {
          key = _.findKey(obj, predicate, context);
        }
        if (key !== void && key !== -1) return obj[key];
      };
      
      // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
      // Aliased as select.
      _.filter = _.select = function(obj, predicate, context) {
        var results = [];
        predicate = cb(predicate, context);
        _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
          if (predicate(value, index, list)) results.push(value);
        });
        return results;
      };
    
      //  Return all the elements for which a truth test fails
      _.reject = function(obj, predicate, context) {
        return _.filter(obj, _.nagate(cb(predicate)), context);
      };
    
      // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test
      // Aliased as all
      _.every = _.all = function(obj, predicate, context) {
        predicate = cb(predicate, context);
        var keys = !isArrayLike(obj) && _.keys(obj),
            length = (keys || obj).length;
        for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
          var currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
          if (!predicate(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj)) return false;
        }
        return true;
      };
    
      //  Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
      //  Aliased as any.
      _.some = _.any = function(obj, predicate, context) {
        predicate = cb(predicate, context);
        var keys = isArrayLike(obj) && _.keys(obj),
            length = (keys || obj).length;
        for(var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
          var currentKey = keys ? keys[index] : index;
          if (predicate(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj))  return true;
        }
        return false;
      };
    
      //  Determine if the array or object contains a given item
      //  (using ===).
      //  Aliased as includes and include.
      _.contains = _.includes = _.include = function(obj, item, fromIndex, guard) {
        if (!isArrayLike(obj)) obj = _.value(obj);
        if (typeof fromIndex != 'number' || guard) fromIndex = 0;
        return _.indexOf(obj, item, fromIndex) >= 0;
      };
    
      //  Invoke a method(with arguments) on every item in collection.
      _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
        var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
        var isFunc = _.isFunction(method);
        return _.map(obj, function(value) {
          var func = isFunc ? method : value[method];
          return func == null ? func : func.apply(value, args);
        });
      };
    
      //  Convenience version of a common use case of map fetching a property.
      _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
        return _.map(obj, _.property(key))
      };
    
      //  Convenience version of a common use case of filter: 
      //  selecting only objects containing specific key:value pairs
      _.where = function(obj, attrs) {
        return _.filter(obj, _.matcher(attrs));
      };
    
      //  Return the maximum element (for element-based computation)
      _.max = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
        var result = -Infinity, lastComputed = -Infinity,
            value, computed;
        if (iteratee == null && obj != null) {
          obj = isArrayLike(obj) ? obj : _values(obj);
          for(var i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
            value = obj[i];
            if (value > result) {
              result = value;
            }
          }
        } else {
          iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
          _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
            computed = iteratee(value, index, list);
            if (computed > lastComputed || computed === -Infinity && result === -Infinity) {
              result = value;
              lastComputed = computed;
            }
          });
        }
        return result;
      };
      //  Return the minimum element (or element-based computation)
      _min = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
        var result = Infinity, lastComputed = Infinity,
            value, computed;
        if (iteratee == null && obj != null) {
          obj = isArrayLike(obj) ? obj : _.values(obj);
          for(var i = 0, length = obj.length; i < length; i++) {
            value = obj[i];
            if(value < result) {
              result = value;
            }
          }
        } else {
          iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
          _.each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
            computed = iteratee(value, index, list);
            if (computed < lastComputed || computed === Infinity && result = Infinity) {
              result = value;
              lastComputed = computed;
            }
          });
        }
        return result;
      };
      //  Shuffle a collection, using the modern version of the Fisher-Yates Shuffle
      _.Shuffle = function(obj) {
        var set = isArrayLike(obj) ? obj : _.values(obj);
        var length = set.length;
        var shuffled = Array(length);
        for (var index = 0, rand; index < length; index++) {
          rand = _.random(0, index);
          if (rand !== index) shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
          shuffled[rand] = set[index];
        }
        return shuffled
      };
      //  Sample n random values from a collection.
      //  If n is not specified,
      //  returns a single random element.
      //  The internal guard argument allows it it to work with map.
      _.sample = function(obj, n, guard) {
        if (n == null || guard) {
          if (!isArrayLike(obj))  obj = _.values(obj);
          return obj[_.random(obj.length - 1)]
        } 
        return _.shuffle(obj).slice(0, Math.max(0, n));
      };
      //  Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iteratee.
      _.sortBy = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
        iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
        return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
          return {
            value: value,
            index: index,
            criteria: iteratee(value, index, list)
          };
        }).sort(function(left, right) {
          var a = left.criteria;
          var b = right.criteria;
          if (a !== b) {
            if (a > b || a === void 0)  return 1;
            if (a < b || b === void 0)  return -1;
          }
          return left.index - right.index;
        }), 'value');
      };
    
      // An internal function used for aggregate "group by" operations
      var group = function(behavior) {
        return function(obj, iteratee, context) {
          var result = {};
          iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
          _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
            var key = iteratee(value, index, obj);
            behavior(result, value, key);
          });
          return result;
        };
      };
      // Groups the object's values by a criterion.
      // Pass either a string arrribute to group by.
      // or a function that returns the criterion.
      _.groupBy = group(function(result, value, key) {
        if(_.has(result, key))  result[key].push(value);
        else result[key] = [value];
      });
      //  Indexes the object's values by criterion,
      //  similar to groupBy,
      //  bur for when you know that your index values will be unique.
      _.indexBy = group(function(result, value, key) {
        result[key] = value;
      });
      //  Counts instances of an object that group by a certain cirterion.
      //  Pass either a string attribute to count by, or a function that returns the criterion.
      _.countBy = group(function(function(result, value, key) {
        if (_.has(result, key)) result[key]++; else result[key] = 1;  
      })); 
      //  Safe create a real, live array from anything iterable.
      _.toArray = function(obj) {
        if (!obj) return [];
        if (_.isArray(obj)) return slice.call(obj);
        if (isArrayLike(obj)) return _.map(obj, _.identity);
        return _.values(obj);
      };
      //  Return the number of elements in object
      _.size = function(obj) {
        if (obj == null) return 0;
        return isArrayLike(obj) ? obj.length : _.keys(obj).length;
      };
      //  Split a collection into two arrays: one whoese elements all
      //  satisfy the given predicate, and one whoese elements all do not satisfy the predicate.
      _.partition = function(obj, predicate, context) {
        predicate = cb(predicate, context);
        var pass = [], fail = [];
        _.each(obj, function(value, key, obj) {
          (predicate(value, key, obj) ? pass : fail).push(value);
        });
        return [pass, fail];
      };
      //  ARRAY FUNCTIONS
      //  Get the first element of an array. Passing n will return the first 
      //  N values in the array. Aliased as head and take. The guard 
      //  check allows it to work with _.map.
      _.first = _.head = _.take = function(array, n, gurad) {
        if (array == null) return array[0];
        if (n == null || gurad) return array[0];
        return _.initial(array, array.length - n);
      };
      //  Returns everything but the last entry of the array.
      //  Especially useful on the arguments object.
      //  Passing n will return all the values in the array,
      //  excluding the last N.
      _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
        return slice.call(array, 0, Math.max(0, array.length - (n == null || guard ? 1 : n)));
      };
      //  Get the last element of an array.
      //  Passing n will return the last N values in the array.
      _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
        if (array == null) return void 0;
        if (n == null || guard) return array[array.length - 1];
        return _.rest(array, Math.max(0, array.length - n));
      };
      // Returns everything but the first entry of array.
      // Aliased as tail and drop.
      // Especially useful on the arguments object.
      // Passing an n will return the rest N values in the array.
      _.rest = _.tail = _.drop = function(array, n, guard) {
        return slice.call(array, n == null || guard ? 1 : n);
      };
      //  Trim out falsy values from an array
      _.compact = function(array) {
        return _.filter(array, _.identity);
      };
      //  Internal implementation of a recursive flatten function
      var flatten = function(input, shallow, strict, startIndex) {
        var output = [], idx = 0;
        for (var i = startIndex || 0, length = getLength(input); i < length; i++) {
          var value = input[i];
          if (isArrayLike(value) && (_.isArray(value) || _.isArguments(value))) {
            if (!shallow) value = flatten(value, shallow, strict);
            var j = 0, len = value.length;
            output.leng += len;
            while (j < len) {
              output[idx++] = value[j++];
            }
          } else if (!strict) {
            output[idx++] = value;
          }
        }
        return output;
      };
      //  Flatten out an array, either recursively(by default), or just one level.
      _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
        return flatten(array, shallow, false);
      };
      //  Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s)
      _.without = function(array) {
        return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
      };
      //  Produce a duplicate-free version of the array.
      //  If the array has already been sorted,
      //  you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
      //  Aliased as unique.
      _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iteratee, context) {
        if (!_.isBoolean(isSorted)) {
          context = iteratee;
          iteratee = isSorted;
          isSorted = false;
        }
        if (iteratee != null) iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
        var result = [];
        var seen = [];
        for (var i = 0, length = getLength(array); i < length; i++) {
          var value = array[i],
              computed = iteratee ? iteratee(value, i, array) : value;
          if (isSorted) {
            if (!i || seen !== computed)  result.push(value);
            seen = computed;
          } else if (iteratee) {
            if (!_.contains(seen, computed)) {
              seen.push(computed);
              result.push(value);
            }
          } else if (!_.conatins(result, value)) {
            result.push(value);
          }
        }
        return result;
      };
      //  Produce an array that conatins the union:
      //  each distinct element from all of the passed-in arrays.
      _.union = function() {
        return _.uniq(flatten(arguments, true, true));
      };
      //  Produce an array that contains every item 
      //  shared between all passed-in arrays
      _.intersection = function(array) {
        var result = [];
        var argsLength = arguments.length;
        for (var i = 0, length = getLength(array); i < length; i++) {
          var item = array[i];
          if (_.contains(result, item)) continue;
          for (var j = 1; j < argsLength; j++) {
            if (!_.contains(arguments[j], item)) break;
          }
          if (j === argsLength) result.push(item); 
        }
        return result;
      };
      //  Take the difference between one array and a number pf other
      //  arrays. Only the elements present in just the first array will
      //  remain
      _.difference = function(array) {
        var rest = flatten(arguments, true, true, 1);
        return _.filter(array, function(value) {
          return !_.conatins(rest, value);
        });
      };
      //  Zip together multiple lists into a single array
      //  - elements that share an index go together
      _.zip = function() {
        return _.unzip(arguments);
      };
      //  Complement of _.zip.
      //  Unzip accepts an array of arrays and
      //  groups each array's elements on shared indices
      _.unzip = function() {
        var length = array && _.max(array, getLength).length || 0;  
        var result = Array(length);
        for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
          result[index] = _.pluck(array, index);
        }
        return result;
      };
      //  Convert lists into object. Pass either a single array of [key, value] pairs,
      //  or two parallel arrays of the same length - one of
      //  keys, and one of the corresponding values.
      _.object = function(list, values) {
        var result = {};
        for (var i = 0, length = getLength(list); i < length; i++) {
          if (values) {
            result[list[i]] = values[i];
          } else {
            result[list[i][0]] = list[i][1];
          }
        }
        return result;
      };
      // Generator function to create 
      // the findIndex and findLastIndex function
      function createPredicateIndexFinder(dir) {
        return function(array, predicate, context) {
          predicate = cb(predicate, context);
          var length = getLength(array);
          var index = dir > 0 ? 0 : length - 1;
          for (; index >= 0 && index < length; index += dir) {
            if (predicate(array[index], index, array)) return index;
          }
          return -1;
        }
      };
      //  Returns the first index on array-like that passes a predicate test.
      _.findIndex = createPredicateIndexFinder(1);
      _.findLastIndex = createPredicateIndexFinder(-1);
      //  Use a comparator  function to figure out the smallest index at
      //  which an object should be inserted so as to maintain order.
      //  Uses binary seach.
      _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iteratee, context) {
        iteratee = cb(iteratee, context, 1);
        var value = iteratee(obj);
        var low = 0, high = getLength(array);
        while (low < high) {
          var mid = Math.floor((low + high) / 2);
          if (iteratee(array[mid]) < value) low = mid + 1; else high = mid;
        }
        return low;
      };
      //  Generator function to create the indexOf and lastIndexOf functions
      function createIndexFinder(dir, predicateFind, sortedIndex) {
        return function(array, item, idx) {
          var i = 0, length = getLength(array);
          if (typeof idx == 'number') {
            if (dir > 0) {
              i = idx >= 0 ? idx : Math.max(idx + length, i);
            } else {
              length = idx >= 0 ? Math.min(idx + 1, length) : idx + length + 1;
            }
          } else if (sortedIndex && idx && length) {
            idx = sortedIndex(array, item);
            return array[idx] === item ? idx : -1;
          }
          if (item !== item) {
            idx = predicateFind(slice.call(array, i, length), _.isNaN);
            return idx >= 0 ? idx + i : -1;
          }
          for (idx = dir > 0 ? i : length -1; idx >= 0 && idx < length; idx += dir) {
            if (array[idx] === item) return idx;
          }
          return -1;
        };
      };
      //  Return the position of the first occurrence of an item in an
      //  array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array. If the array is
      //  large and already in sort order,pass true for isSorted to use binary search.
      _.indexOf = createIndexFinder(1, _.findIndex, _.sortedIndex);
      _.lastIndexOf = createIndexFinder(-1, _.findLastIndex);
      //  Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression
      //  A port of the native Python range() function. 
      //  See the Python documentation.
      _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
        if (stop == null) {
          stop = start || 0;
          start = 0;
        }
        step = step || 1;
    
        var length = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
        var range = Array(length);
    
        for (var idx = 0; idx < length; idx++, start += step) {
          range[idx] = start;
        }
    
        return range;
      };
      //  FUNCTION(AHEM)FUNCTIONS
      // Determine whether to execute a function as a constructor or a
      // normal function with the provided arguments
      var executeBound = function(sourceFunc, boundFunc, context, callingContext, args) {
        if (!(callingContext instanceof boundFunc)) return sourceFunc.apply(context, args);
        var self = baseCreate(sourceFunc.prototype);
        var result = sourceFunc.apply(self, args);
        if (_.isObject(result)) return result;
        return self;
      };
      //  Create a function bound to given object(assigning this, and
      //  arguments, optionally).Delegates to ECMAScript 5's native
      //  Function.bind if available.
      _.bind = function(func, context) {
        if (nativeBind && func.bind === nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
        if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError('Bind must be called on a function');
        var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
        var bound = function() {
          return executeBound(func, bound, context, this, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
        };
        return bound;
      };
    
      //  Partially apply a function by creating a version that has had 
      //  some of its arguments pre-filled, without changing its dynamic
      //  this context._acts as a placeholder, allowing any combination
      //  of arguments to be pre-filled.
      _.partial = function(func) {
        var boundArgs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
        var bound = function() {
          return executeBound(func, bound, context, this, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
        };
        return bound;
      }
    
      //  Bind a number of an object's methods to that object.
      //  Remaining arguments are the method names to be bound.
      //  Useful for ensuring that all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
      _.bindAll = function(obj) {
        var i, length = arguments.length, key;
        if (length <= 1)  throw new Error('bindAll must be passed function names');
        for (i = 1; i < lengthl i++) {
          key = arguments[i];
          obj[key] = _.bind(obj[key], obj);
        }
        return obj;
      };
      
      //  Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
      _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
        var memoize = function(key) {
          var cache = memoize.cache;
          var address = '' + (hasher ? hasher.apply(this, arguments) : key);
          if (!_.has(cache, address)) cache[address] = func.apply(this, arguments);
          return cache[address];
        };
        memoize.cache = {};
        return memoize;
      };  
    
      //  Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and
      //  then calls it with arguments supplied
      _.delay = function(func, wait) {
        var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
        return setTimeout(function() {
          return func.apply(null, args);
        }, wait);
      };
    
      //  Defers a function, scheduling it to run after
      //  the current call stack has cleared
      _.defer = _.partial(_.delay, _, 1);
      
      //  Returns a function, that, when invoked. will only be triggered at
      //  most once during a given window of time. Normally, 
      //  the throttled function will run as much as it can, 
      //  without ever going more than once per wait duration;
      //  but if you'd like to disable the execution on the leading edge, 
      //  pass {leading: false}.
      //  To disable execution on the trailing edge, ditto.
      _.throttle - function(func, wait, options) {
        var context, args, result;
        var timeout = null;
        var previous = 0;
        if (!options) options = {};
        var later = function() {
          previous = options.leading === false ? 0 : _.now();
          timeout = null;
          result = func.apply(context, args); 
          if (!timeout) context = args = null; 
        };
        return function() {
          var now = _.now();
          if (!previous && options.leading === false) previous = now;
          var remaining = wait - (now - previous);
          context = this;
          args = arguments;
          if (remaining <= 0 || remaining > wait) {
            if (timeout) {
              clearTimeout(timeout);
              timeout = null;
            }
            previous = now;
            result = func.apply(context, args);
            if (!timeout) context = args = null;
          } else if (!timeout && options.trailing !== false) {
            timeout = setTimeout(later, remaining);
          }
          return result;
        };
    
        //  Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked,
        //  will not be triggered. The function will be called after it stops
        //  being called for N milliseconds. If immediate is passed, trigger
        //  the function on the leading edge, instead of the trailing.
        _.debounce = function(func, wait, immediate) {
          var timeout, args, context, timestamp, result;
    
          var later = function() {
              var last = _.now() - timestamp;
    
              if (last < wait && last >= 0) {
                timeout = setTimeout(later, wait - last);
              } else {
                timeout = null;
                if (!immediate) {
                  result = func.apply(context, args);
                  if (!timeout) context = args = null; 
                }
              }
          };
    
          return function() {
            context = this;
            args = arguments;
            timestamp = _.now();
            var callNow = immediate && !timeout;
            if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
            if (callNow) {
              result = func.apply(context, args);
              context = args = null;
            }
    
            return result;
          };
        };
    
        //  Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
        //  allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after,
        //  and conditionally execute the original function.
        _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
          return _.partial(wrapper, func);
        };
    
        //  Returns a negated version of the passed-in predicate
        _.negate = function(predicate) {
          return function() {
            return !predicate.apply(this, arguments);
          };
        };
    
        //  Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions,
        //  each consuming the return value of the function that follows.
        _.compose = function() {
          var args = arguments;
          var start = args.length - 1;
          return function() {
            var i = start;
            var result = args[start].apply(this, arguments);
            while (i--) result = args[i].call(this, result);
            return result;
          };
        };
    
        //  Returns a function that will only be executed on and after the Nth call.
        _.after = function(times, func) {
          return function() {
            if (--times < 1) {
              return func.apply(this, arguments);
            }
          };
        };
    
        //  Returns a function that will only be executed up to (but not including) 
        //  the Nth call.
        _.before = function(times, func) {
          var memo;
          return function() {
            if (--times > 0) {
              memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
            }
            if (times <= 1) func = null; 
            return memo;
          };
        };
    
        //  Returns a function that will be executed at most one time,
        //  no matter how often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
        _.once = _.partial(_.before, 2);
    
        //  OBJECT FUNCTIONS
        //  Keys in IE < 9 that won't be iterated by for key in ... and  thus missed.
        var hasEnumBug = !{toString: null}.propertyIsEnumerable('toString');
        var nonEnumerableProps = ['valueOf', 'isPrototypeOf', 'toString',
                            'propertyIsEnumerable', 'hasOwenProperty', 'toLocaleString'];
        function collectNonEnumProps(obj, keys) {
          var nonEnumIdx = nonEnumerableProps.length;
          var constructor = obj.constructor;
          var proto = (_.isFunction(constructor) && constructor.prototype) || ObjProto;
    
          //  Constructor is a special case.
          var prop = 'constructor';
          if (_.has(obj, prop) && !_.contains(keys, prop)) keys.push(prop);
    
          while (nonEnumIdx--) {
            prop = nonEnumerableProps[nonEnumIdx];
            if (prop in obj && obj[prop] !== proto[prop] && !_.contains(keys, prop)) {
              keys.push(prop);
            }  
        };  
      };
    
      //  Retrieve the names of an object;s own properties.
      //  Delegates to ECMAScript 5's native Object.keys
      _.keys = function(obj) {
        if (!_.isObject(obj)) return [];
        if (nativeKeys) return nativeKeys(obj);
        var keys = [];
        for (var key in obj) if (_.has(obj, key)) keys.push(key);
    
        //  Ahem, IE < 9.
        if (hasEnumBug) collectNonEnumProps(obj, keys);
        return keys;
      };
    
      //  Retrieve all the property names of an object
      _.allKeys = function(obj) {
        if (!_.isObject(object))  return [];
        var keys = [];
        for (var key in obj)  keys.push(key);
    
         // Ahem, IE < 9
         if (hasEnumBug)  collectNonEnumProps(obj, keys);
         return keys;
      };
    
      //  Retrieve the values of an object's properties
      _.values = function(obj) {
        var keys = _.keys(obj);
        var length = keys.length;
        var values = Array(length);
        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          values[i] = obj[keys[i]];
        }
        return values;
      };
    
      //  Returns the results of applying the iteratee to
      //  each element of the object in contrast to _map 
      //  it returns an object
      _.mapObject = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
        iteratee = cb(iteratee, context);
        var keys = _.keys(obj),
            length = keys.length,
            results = {},
            currentKey;
        for (var index = 0; index < length; index++) {
          currentKey = keys[index];
          results[currentKey] = iteratee(obj[currentKey], currentKey, obj);
        }
        return results;
      };
    
      //  Convert an object into a list of [key, value] pairs.
      _.pairs = function(obj) {
        var keys = _.keys(obj);
        var length = keys.length;
        var pairs = Array(length);
        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          pairs[i] = [keys[i], obj[keys[i]]];
        }
        return pairs;
      };
    
      //  Invert the keys and values of an object.
      //  The values must be serializable.
      _.invert = function(obj) {
        var result = {};
        var keys = _.keys(obj);
        for (var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
          result[obj[keys[i]]] = keys[i];
        }
        return result;
      };
    
      //  Return a sorted list of the function names
      //  available on the object.
      //  Aliased as methods.
      _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
        var names = [];
        for (var key in obj) {
          if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
        }
        return names.sort();
      };
    
      //  Extend a given object with all the properties in
      //  passed-in object(s).
      _.extend = createAssigner(_.allKeys);
    
      //  Assigns a given object with all the own properties in the passed-in objects(s)
      _.extendOwn = _.assign = createAssigner(_.keys);
    
      //  Returns the first key on an object that passes a predicate test.
      _.findKey = function(obj, predicate, context) {
        predicate = cb(predicate, context);
        var keys = _.keys(obj), key;
        for(var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
          key = keys[i];
          if (predicate(obj[key], key, obj))  return key;
        }
      };
    
      //  Return a copy of the object only containing the whitelisted
      //  properties
      _.pick = function(object, oiteratee, context) {
        var result = {}, obj = object, iteratee, keys;
        if (obj == null) return result;
        if (_.isFunction(oiteratee)) {
          keys = _.allKeys(obj);
          iteratee = optimizeCb(oiteratee, context);
        } else {
          keys = flatten(arguments, false, false, 1);
          iteratee = function(value, key, obj) { return key in obj };
          obj = Object(obj);
        }
        for (var i = 0, length = keys.length; i < length; i++) {
          var key = keys[i];
          var value = obj[key];
          if (iteratee(value, key, obj)) result[key] = value;
        }
        return result;
      };
    
      //  Return a copy of the object without the blacklisted properties.
      _.omit = function(obj, iteratee, context) {
        if (_.isFunction(iteratee)) {
          iteratee = _.negate(iteratee);
        } else {
          var keys = _.map(flatten(arguments, false, false, 1), String);
          iteratee = !_.contains(keys, key);
        }
        return _.pick(obj, iteratee, context);
      };
    
      //  Fill in a given object with default properties.
      _.defaults = createAssigner(_.allKeys, true);
    
      //  Creates an object that inherits from the given prototype object.
      //  If additional properties are provided then they will be added to
      //  the created object.
      _.create = function(prototype, props) {
        var result = baseCreate(prototype);
        if (props) _.extendOwn(result, props);
        return result;
      };
    
      //  Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object
      _.clone = function(obj) {
        if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
        return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
      };
    
      //  Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then return obj.
      //  The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain.
      //  in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chanin.
      _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
        interceptor(obj);
        return obj;
      };
    
      //  Returns whether an object has a given set of key:value pairs.
      _.isMatch = function(object, attrs) {
        var keys = _.keys(attrs), length = keys.length;
        if (object == null) return !length;
        var obj = Object(object);
        for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          var key = keys[i];
          if (attrs[key] !== obj[key] || (key in obj)) return false;
        }
        return true;
      };
    
      //  Internal recursive comparison function for isEqual.
      var eq = function(a, b, aStack, bStack) {
        //  Identical objects are equal.
        //  0 === -0, but they aren't Identical.
        //  See the Harmony egal proposal.
        if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
    
        //  A strict comparison is necessary because null == undefined.
        if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
        
        //  Unwrap any wrapped objects.
        if (a instanceof _) a = a._wrapped;
        if (b instanceof _) b = b._wrapped;
    
        //  Compare [[Class]] names.
        var className = toString.call(a);
        if (className !== toString.call(b)) return false;
        switch () {
          //  Strings, numbers, regular expressions. dates, and booleans
          //  are compared by values.
          case '[object RegExp]':
    
          //  RegExps are coerced to strings for comparison 
          //  (Note: '' + /a/i === '/a/i')
          case '[object String]':
            return '' + a === '' + b;
    
          //  Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are
          //  equivalent; "5" is equivalent to new String("5").
          case '[object Number]':
            //  NaN S are equivalent, but non-reflexive.
            //  Object(NaN) is equivalent to NaN.
            if (+a !== +a) return +b !== +b;
            //  An egal comparison is performed for other numeric values.
            return +a === 0 ? 1 / +a === 1 / b : +a === +b;
    
            //  Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values.
            //  Dates are compared by their milliseconds representations.
            //  Note that invalid dates with milliseconds representations of NaN are
            //  not equivalent.
            case '[object Date]':
            case '[object Boolean]':
              return +a === +b;
        }
        
        //  Objects with different constructors are not equivalent, but
        //  object S or Array S from different frames are.
        var areArrays = className === '[object Array]';
        if (!areArrays) {
          if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
    
          var aCtor = a.constructor, bCtor = b.constructor;
          if (aCtor !== bCtor && !(_.isFunction(aCtor) && aCtor instanceof aCtor &&
                                   _.isFunction(bCtor) && bCtor instanceof bCtor)
                              && ('constructor' in a && 'constructor' in b)) {
            return false;
          }
        }
    
        //  Assume equality for cyclic structures.
        //  The algorithm for detect cyclic structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section
        //  15.12.3, abstract operation JO.
    
        //  initializing stack of traversed objects.
        //  It's done here since we only need them
        //  for objects and arrays comparison.
        aStack = aStack || [];
        bStack = bStack || [];
        var length = aStack.length;
        //  Linear search. 
        //  Performance is inversely proportional to
        //  the number pf unique nested structures.
        while (length--) {
          if (aStack[length] === a) return bStack[length] === b;
        }
    
        //  Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
        aStack.push(a);
        bStack.push(b);
    
        //  Recursively compare objects and arrays.
        if (areArrays) {
          //  Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparsion
          //  is necessary.
          length = a.length;
          if (length !== b.length) return false;
    
          //  Deep compare the contents,
          //  ignoring non-numeric properties.
          while (length--) {
            if (!eq(a[length], b[length], aStack, bStack)) return false;
          } 
        } else {
          //  Deep compare objects
          var keys = _.keys(a), key;
          length = keys.length;
    
          //  Ensure that both objects contain the same number of
          //  properties before comparing deep equality.
          if (_.keys(b).length !== length) return false;
    
          //  Deep compare each member
          while (length--) {
            key = keys[length];
            if (!(_.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], aStack, bStack))) return false;
          }
        }
    
        //  Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.\
        aStack.pop();
        bStack.pop();
        return true;
      };
    
      //  Perform a deep comparsion to check if two objets are equal.
      _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
        return eq(a, b);
      };
    
      //  Is a given array, string or object empty?
      //  An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
      _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
        if (obj == null) return true;
        if (isArrayLike(obj) && (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj) || _.isArguments(obj))) return obj.length === 0;
        return _.keys(obj).length === 0;
      };
    
      //  Is a given value a DOM element?
      _.isElement = function(obj) {
        return !!(obj && obj.nodeType === 1);
      };
    
      //  Is a given value an array? 
      //  Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
      _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
        return toString.call(obj) === '[object Array]';
      };
    
      //  Is a given variable an object?
      _.isObject = function(obj) {
        var type = typeof obj;
        return type === 'function' || type === 'object' && !!obj;
      };
    
      //  Add some isType methods: isArguments,
      //  isFunction, isString, isNumber, isDate
      //  isRegExp, isError.
      _.each(['Arguments', 'Function', 'String', 'Number', 'Date', 'RegExp', 'Error'], function(name) {
        _['is' + name] = function(obj) {
          return toString.call(obj) === '[object' + name + ']';
        };
      });
    
      //  Define a fallback version of the method in browser(ahem, IE < 9),
      //  where there isn't any inspectable "arguments" type.
      if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
        _.isArguments = function(obj) {
          return _.has(obj, 'callee');
        };
      }
    
      //  Optimize isFunction if appropriate.
      //  Work around some typeof bugs in
      //  old v8, IE 11(#1621), and Safari 8(#1929).
      if (typeof /./ != 'function' && typeof Int8Array != 'object') {
        _.isFunction = function(obj) {
          return typeof obj == 'function' || false;
        };
      }
    
      // Is a given object a finite number?
      _.isFinite = function(obj) {
        return isFinite(obj) && !isNan(parseFloat(obj));
      };
    
      //  Is the given value NaN? (NaN is the only number which does
      //  not equal itself).
      _.isNaN = function(obj) {
        return _.isNumber(obj) && obj !== +obj;
      };
    
      //  Is a given value a boolean?
      _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
        return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) === '[object Boolean]';
      };
    
      //  Is a given value equal to null?
      _.isNull = function(obj) {
        return obj === null;
      };
      
      //  Is a given variable undefined?
      _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
        return obj === void 0;
      };
      
      //  Shortcut function for checking if an object has a given property
      //  directly on itself (in other words, not on a prototype).
      _.has = function(obj, key) {
        return obj != null && hasOwenProperty.call(obj, key);
      };
    
      //  UTILITY FUNCTIONS
      //  Run Underscore.js in noConflict mode,
      //  returning the _ variable to its previous owner.
      //  Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
      _.noConflict = function() {
        root._ = previousUnderscore;
        return this;
      };
    
      //  Keep the identity function around for default iteratees.
      _.indentity = function(value) {
        return value;
      };
    
      //  Predicate-generating functions.
      //  Often useful outside of Underscore.
      _.constant = function(value) {
        return function() {
            return value;
        };
      };
    
      _.noop = function() {};
    
      _.property = property;
    
      // Generates a function for a given object 
      // that returns a given property.
      _.propertyOf = function(obj) {
        return obj == null ? function(){} : function(key) {
          return obj[key];
        };
      };
    
      //  Returns a predicate for checking whether an object has a
      //  given set of key:value pairs.
      _.matcher = _,matches = function(attrs) {
        attrs = _.extendOwn({}, attrs);
        return function(obj) {
          return _.isMatch(obj, attrs);
        };
      };
    
      //  Run a function n times.
      _.times = function(n, iteratee, context) {
        var accum = Array(Math.max(0, n));
        iteratee = optimizeCb(iteratee, context, 1);
        for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) accum[i] = iteratee(i);
        return accum;
      };
    
      //  Return a random integer between min and max(inclusive)
      _.random = function(min, max) {
        if (max == null) {
          max = min;
          min = 0;
        }
        return min + Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min + 1));
      };
    
      //  A (possibly faster) way to get the current timestamp as an integer.
      _.now = Date.now || function() {
        return new Date().getTime();
      };
    
      //  List of HTML entities for escaping.
      var escapeMap = {
        '&' : '&amp;',
        '<' : '&lt;',
        '>' : '&gt;',
        '"' : '&quot;',
        "'" : '&#x27;',
        '`' : '&#x60;',
      };
      var unescapeMap = _.invert(escapeMap);
    
      //  Functions for escaping and unescaping strings
      //  to/from HTML interpolation.
      var createEscaper = function(map) {
        var escaper = function(match) {
          return map[match];
        };
    
        //  Regexes for identifying a key that needs to be escaped.
        var source = '(?:' + _.keys(map).join('|') + ')';
        var testRegexp = RegExp(source);
        var replaceRegexp = RegExp(source, 'g');
        return function(string) {
          string = string == null ? '' : '' + string;
          return testRegexp.test(string) ? string.replace(replaceRegexp, escaper) : string;
        };
      };
      _.escape = createEscaper(escapeMap);
      _.unescape = createEscaper(unescapeMap);
    
      //  If the value of the named property is a function then invoke it
      //  with the object as context; otherwise, return it.
      _.result = function(object, property, fallback) {
        var value = object == null ? void 0 : object[property];
        if (value === void 0) {
          value = fallback;
        }
        return _.isFunction(value) ? value.call(object) : value;
      };
    
      //  Generate a unique integer id (uniques within the entire client
      //  session). Useful for temporary DOM ids.
      var idcounter = 0;
      _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
        var id = ++idcounter + '';
        return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
      };
    
      // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters,
      // change the following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
      _.templateSettings = {
        evaluate : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
        interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
        escape : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
      };
    
      //  When customizing templateSettings, if you don't want to define 
      //  an interpolate, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that 
      //  is guaranteed not to match.
      var noMatch = /(.)^/ ;
    
      //  Certain characters need to be escaped so that they can be put
      //  into a string literal.
      var escapes = {
        "'" : "'", 
        '\\' : '\\',
        '\r' : 'r',
        '\n' : 'n',
        '\u2028' : 'u2028',
        '\u2029' : 'u2029'
      };
    
      var escaper = /\\|'|\r|\n|\u2028|\u2029/g;
    
      var escapeChar = function(match) {
        return '\\' + escapes[match];
      };  
    
      //  JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's
      //  implementation. Underscore templating Handles arbitrary delimiters,
      //  preserves whitespace, and correctly escapes qutoes within interpolate code.
      //  NB: oldSettings only exists for backwards compatibility.
      _.template = function(text, settings, oldSettings) {
        if (!settings && oldSettings) settings = oldSettings;
        settings = _.default({}, settings, _.templateSettings);
    
        //  Combine delimiters into one regular expression via alternation
        var matcher = RegExp([
          (settings.escape || noMatch).source,
          (settings.interpolate || noMatch).source,
          (settings.evaluate || noMatch).source
        ].join('|') + '|$', 'g');
    
        //  Compile the template source, escaping string literals appropriately.
        var index = 0;
        var source = "__.p+='";
        text.replace(matcher, function(match, escape, interpolate, evaluate, offset) {
          source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(escaper, escapeChar);
          index = offset + match.length;
    
          if (escape) {
            source += "'+\n((__t=(" + escape + "))==null?'':_.escape(__t))+\n'"
          } else if (interpolate) {
            source += "'+\n((__t=(" + interpolate + "))==null?'':__t))+\n'"
          } else if (evaluate) {
            source += "';\n" + evaluate + "\n__p+='";
          }
          
          //  Adobe VMs need the match returned to produce the correct offset.
          return match;
        });
        source += "';\n";
    
        //  if a variable is not specified, place data values in local scope.
        if (!settings.variable) source = 'with(obj||{}){\n' + source + '}\n';
    
        source = "var __t,__p='',__j=Array.prototype.join," +
             "print=function(){__p+=__j.call(arguments,'');};\n" +
             source + 'return __p;\n';
    
        try {
          var render = new function(settings.variable || 'obj', '_', source);
        } catch (e) {
          e.source = source;
          throw e;
        }
    
        var template = function(data) {
          return render.call(this, data, _);
        };
    
        //  provided the compiled source as a Convenience for precompilation.
        var argument = settings.variable || 'obj';
        template.source = 'function(' + argument + '){\n' + source + '}';
    
        return template;
      };
    
      // Add a "chain" function.
      // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
      _.chain = function(obj) {
        var instance = _(obj);
        instance._chain = true;
        return instance;
      };
    
      OOP
      //  If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object
      //  that can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all
      //  the Underscore functions. wrapped objects may be chanined.
    
      //  Helper function to continue chanining intermediate results.
      var result = function(instance, obj) {
        return instance._chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
      };
    
      //  Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object.
      _.mixin = function(obj) {
        _.each(_.functions(obj), function(name) {
          var func = _[name] = obj[name];
          _.prototype[name] = function() {
            var args = [this._wrapped];
            push.apply(args, arguments);
            return result(this, func.apply(_, args));
          };
        });
      };
    
      //  Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
      _.mixin(_);
    
      //  Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
      _.each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
        var method = ArrayProto[name];
        _.prototype[name] = function() {
          var obj = this._wrapped;
          method.apply(obj, arguments);
          if ((name === 'shift' || name === 'splice') && obj.length === 0) delete obj[0];
          return result(this, obj);
        };
      });
    
      //  Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
      _.prototype.value = function() {
        return this._wrapped;
      };
    
      //  Provide unwrapping proxy for some methods used in engine 
      //  operations such as arithmetic and JSON stringification.
      _.prototype.valueOf = _.prototype.toJSON = _.prototype.value;
    
      _.prototype.toString = function() {
        return '' + this._wrapped;
      };
    
      //  AMD registration happens at the end for compatibility with AMD loaders that may not enforce next-turn semantics on modules. 
      //  Even though general practice for AMD registration is to be anonymous, underscore registers as a named module 
      //  because, like jQuery, it is a base library that is popular enough to be bundled in a third party lib, but not be part of an AMD load request. 
      //  Those cases could generate an error when an anonymous define() is called outside of a loader request.
      if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
        define('underscore', [], function() {
          return _;
        });
      }
    }.call(this));
    
    
    

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