原生js学习笔记6——事件

作者: 小全同学 | 来源:发表于2016-03-09 15:22 被阅读355次

    事件对象

    鼠标事件

    event.clientX在可视区中,鼠标点击的x坐标
    event.clientY在可视区中,鼠标点击的y坐标

    示例:

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Document</title>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            document.onclick = function  () {
                alert(event.clientX + ',' + event.clientY);
            }
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        
    </body>
    </html>
    

    示例:一个跟随鼠标指针移动的红色块

    demo.gif
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
        <style type="text/css">
            #div {
                width: 100px;
                height: 100px;
                background-color :red;
                position: absolute;
            }
    
        </style>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            // 鼠标移动时触发改事件
            document.onmousemove = function  (ev) {
    
                // 获取距离文档顶部的高度
                var oScrollTop = document.documentElement.scrollTop || document.body.scrollTop;
                // 获取距离文档左边的的宽度
                var oScrollLeft = document.documentElement.scrollLeft || document.body.scrollLeft;
    
                // 获取鼠标事件
                var oEvent = event || ev;
                // 获取到div
                var oDiv = document.getElementById('div');
    
                // 设置div的位置
                oDiv.style.left = oEvent.clientX + oScrollLeft + 'px';
                oDiv.style.top = oEvent.clientY + oScrollTop + 'px';
                
            }
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
    
        <div id = "div"></div>
        
    </body>
    </html>
    

    示例:一串跟着鼠标走的div

    demo.gif
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
        <style type="text/css">
            #div {
                width: 10px;
                height: 10px;
                background-color :red;
                position: absolute;
            }
    
        </style>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            // 鼠标移动时触发改事件
            window.onload = function  () {
    
                var oDivs = document.getElementsByTagName('div');
    
                document.onmousemove = function  (ev) {
                    var oEvent = ev || event;
    
                    oDivs[0].style.left = oEvent.clientX+'px';
                    oDivs[0].style.top = oEvent.clientY+'px';
    
                    for (var i = oDivs.length-1; i > 0; i--) {
                        oDivs[i].style.left = oDivs[i-1].style.left;
                        oDivs[i].style.top = oDivs[i-1].style.top;
    
                    };
                    
    
                }
    
                
            }
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
    
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
            <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
            <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
            <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
            <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        <div id = "div"></div>
        
        
    </body>
    </html>
    

    键盘事件

    • keyCode获取用户按下键盘的哪个按键

    如:键盘控制DIV移动

    • ctrlKey 返回boolean值,按下时为true
    • shiftKey 返回boolean值,按下时为true
    • altKey 返回boolean值,按下时为true

    示例:用提示框将用户按的按键提示出来:

    demo.gif
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Document</title>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            // 按动键盘时触发事件
            document.onkeydown = function (ev) {
                var oEvent = ev || event;
                // 获取到按动的是哪个按键
                alert(oEvent.keyCode);
            }
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        
    </body>
    </html>
    

    示例:通过上下左右按键控制DIV的移动

    demo.gif
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Document</title>
        <style type="text/css">
            #div1 {
                width: 100px;
                height: 100px;
                left:10px;
                top:10px;
                background-color: gray;
                position: absolute;
            }
        </style>
    
        <script type="text/javascript">
            document.onkeydown = function  (ev) {
                var oEvent = ev || event;
                var oDiv = document.getElementById('div1');
    
                if (oEvent.keyCode == 37) {
                    oDiv.style.left =  oDiv.offsetLeft - 10 +'px';
                } else if (oEvent.keyCode==38) {
                    oDiv.style.top = oDiv.offsetTop - 10 +'px';
                } else if (oEvent.keyCode == 39) {
                    oDiv.style.left = oDiv.offsetLeft + 10 +'px';
                } else if (oEvent.keyCode == 40) {
                    oDiv.style.top = oDiv.offsetTop + 10 +'px';
                };
            }
    
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div id = "div1"> </div>
    </body>
    </html>
    

    示例:按住control+enter键,提交留言框中的文字到留言板中

    demo.gif
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Document</title>
    
        <script type="text/javascript">
            window.onload = function  () {
                var oText1 = document.getElementById('text1');
                var oText2 = document.getElementById('text2');
                var oBtn = document.getElementById('btn');
    
                // 鼠标点击提交按钮。进行留言
                oBtn.onclick = function  () {
                    //点击提交按钮后,把留言框中的文字提交在留言区
                    oText1.value += oText2.value + '\n';
                    // 清空留言框
                    oText2.value = '';
                };  
    
                // 按下control+enter按钮,进行留言,因为当前焦点在留言框中,所以事件要加载留言框中
                oText2.onkeydown = function  (ev) {
                    var oEvent = ev || event;
    
                    // 按下回车键和control键
                    if (oEvent.keyCode == 13 && oEvent.ctrlKey) {
                        //点击提交按钮后,把留言框中的文字提交在留言区
                    oText1.value += oText2.value + '\n';
                    // 清空留言框
                    oText2.value = '';
                    };
                }
            }
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <textarea id = 'text1' roes = '10' cols = '40'></textarea>
        <br />
    
        <input type = "text" id = 'text2'/>
        <input type="button" value = '提交' id = 'btn'/>
    
    
    </body>
    </html>
    

    事件冒泡

    子标签发生事件后,向父级发送该事件,一直追溯到document。如:点击一个嵌套在body中的button,则该button的onclick事件也会传递给body、document中,触发他们的onclick里触发的函数.

    示例:

        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html lang="en">
        <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
        <style type="text/css">
            div {
                width: 100px;
                height: 100px;
                background-color: red;
                display: none;
            }
        </style>
    
    
        <script type="text/javascript">
            window.onload = function () {
    
                var oBtn = document.getElementById('button');
                var oDiv = document.getElementById('div');
    
                // 点击buton后,button的事件会被触发
                oBtn.onclick = function() {
                    oDiv.style.display = 'block';
                    alert("button被点击了");
                }
    
                // 由于事件冒泡,作为父级的document的onclick事件也会被触发
                document.onclick = function() {
    
                    oDiv.style.display = 'none';
                    alert("document被点击了")
                }
            }
        </script>
        </head>
        <body>
        <input type = "button" value = "显示" id = "button">
        <div id = "div"></div>
        
        </body>
        </html>
        
    

    取消冒泡

    由于事件冒泡会触发父级的相关方法,所以我们经常会“取消事件冒泡”。

    取消事件冒泡的方法:event.cancelBubble=true

        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html lang="en">
        <head>
            <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
        <style type="text/css">
            div {
                width: 100px;
                height: 100px;
                background-color: red;
                display: none;
            }
        </style>
    
    
        <script type="text/javascript">
            window.onload = function () {
    
                var oBtn = document.getElementById('button');
                var oDiv = document.getElementById('div');
    
                // 点击buton后,button的事件会被触发
                oBtn.onclick = function(ev) {
                    oDiv.style.display = 'block';
                    alert("button被点击了");
                    // 在这里取消事件冒泡,防止事件向父级传递
                    // 兼容性考虑,有的浏览器的事件并不是'event',所以把点击事件作为参数传递过来
                    var oEvent = ev || event;
                    oEvent.cancelBubble=true;
    
                }
    
                // 由于事件冒泡,作为父级的document的onclick事件也会被触发
                document.onclick = function() {
    
                    oDiv.style.display = 'none';
                    alert("document被点击了")
                }
            }
        </script>
        </head>
        <body>
        <input type = "button" value = "显示" id = "button">
        <div id = "div"></div>
        
        </body>
        </html>
    
    

    事件的默认行为

    浏览器自带的行为就是默认行为

    阻止默认行为

    只要将默认的事件return false,就可以组织默认行为的执行。

    示例:自定义右键菜单:默认的右键菜单是系统提供的选项,我们可以阻止默认的右菜单,来自定义新右键菜单样式

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title></title>
        <style type="text/css">
            ul {
                list-style-type: none;
                display:none;
                position:absolute;
            }
            * {
                margin: 0;
                padding: 0;
            }
        </style>
        <script type="text/javascript">
    
            // 鼠标右键触发的时间
            document.oncontextmenu = function  (ev) {
                var oUl = document.getElementById('ul1');
                var oEvent = ev || event;
                oUl.style.display = 'block';
    
                oUl.style.left = oEvent.clientX + 'px';
                oUl.style.top = oEvent.clientY + 'px';
    
                return false;
            }
    
            // 鼠标左键触发的事件
            document.onclick  = function  (ev) {
                var oUl = document.getElementById('ul1');
                oUl.style.display = 'none';
    
            }
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
    
        <!-- 自定义右键菜单 -->
        <ul id = 'ul1' >
            <li>首页</li>
            <li>登录</li>
            <li>注册</li>
        </ul>
        
    </body>
    </html>
    

    示例:输入框中只能输入数字和退格

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Document</title>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            window.onload = function  () {
                var oText = document.getElementById('text');
                oText.onkeydown = function  (ev) {
                    var oEvent = ev || event;
                    if ( (oEvent.keyCode < 40 && oEvent.keyCode != 8) || oEvent.keyCode > 57 ) {
                        return false;
                    };
    
                }
            }
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <input type = "text"  id = "text">
    
    </body>
    </html>
    

    拖拽

    拖拽时,鼠标经历三个事件:

    • onmousedown 鼠标按下时,存储当前鼠标距离拖拽对象左上角的距离
    • onmousemove 鼠标移动时,根据鼠标移动的距离移动拖拽对象的位置
    • onmouseup 鼠标抬起时,停止拖拽

    示例:鼠标拖拽一个div

    demo.gif
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Document</title>
        <style type="text/css">
            #div1 {
                width: 100px;
                height: 100px;
                background-color : red;
                position: absolute;
            }
        </style>
    
        <script type="text/javascript">
            window.onload = function  () {
                
                var oDiv = document.getElementById('div1');
                // 当鼠标按下时计算鼠标距离div左上角的位置
                oDiv.onmousedown = function  (ev) {
                    var oEvent = ev || event;
                    var oX = oEvent.clientX - oDiv.offsetLeft;
                    var oY = oEvent.clientY - oDiv.offsetTop;
    
                    // 当鼠标开始移动,重新设置div的位置
                    document.onmousemove = function  (ev) {
                        var oEvent = ev || event;
                        oDiv.style.left = oEvent.clientX - oX + 'px';
                        oDiv.style.top = oEvent.clientY - oY + 'px';
    
                    };
    
                    // 当鼠标抬起,结束移动,清除移动事件的函数
                    document.onmouseup = function  () {
                        document.onmousemove = null;
                        document.onmouseup = null;
                    };
    
                    
                };
    
            };
        </script>
    </head>
    <body>
        <div id = "div1"></div>
    </body>
    </html>
    

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      • 浮溜:最后一个拖拽示例,如果要在IE里运行的话,最好用setCapture函数,防止鼠标事件丢失

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