java中存在Runnable、Callable、Future、FutureTask这几个与线程相关的类或者接口，在Java中也是比较重要的几个概念，我们通过下面的简单示例来了解一下它们的作用于区别。
Runnable
其中Runnable应该是我们最熟悉的接口，它只有一个run()函数，用于将耗时操作写在其中，该函数没有返回值。然后使用某个线程去执行该runnable即可实现多线程，Thread类在调用start()函数后就是执行的是Runnable的run()函数。Runnable的声明如下 :
public interface Runnable {
/**
* When an object implementing interface <code>Runnable</code> is used
* to create a thread, starting the thread causes the object's
* <code>run</code> method to be called in that separately executing
* thread.
* <p>
* The general contract of the method <code>run</code> is that it may
* take any action whatsoever.
*
* @see java.lang.Thread#run()
*/
public abstract void run();
}
Callable
Callable与Runnable的功能大致相似，Callable中有一个call()函数，但是call()函数有返回值，而Runnable的run()函数不能将结果返回给客户程序。Callable的声明如下 :
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Callable<V> {
/**
* Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
*
* @return computed result
* @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
*/
V call() throws Exception;
}
可以看到，这是一个泛型接口，call()函数返回的类型就是客户程序传递进来的V类型。
Future
Executor就是Runnable和Callable的调度容器，Future就是对于具体的Runnable或者Callable任务的执行结果进行
取消、****查询是否完成、获取结果、设置结果操作。get方法会阻塞，直到任务返回结果(Future简介)。Future声明如下 :
/**
* @see FutureTask
* @see Executor
* @since 1.5
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <V> The result type returned by this Future's <tt>get</tt> method
*/
public interface Future<V> {
/**
* Attempts to cancel execution of this task. This attempt will
* fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
* or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
* and this task has not started when {@code cancel} is called,
* this task should never run. If the task has already started,
* then the {@code mayInterruptIfRunning} parameter determines
* whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
* an attempt to stop the task.
*
* <p>After this method returns, subsequent calls to {@link #isDone} will
* always return {@code true}. Subsequent calls to {@link #isCancelled}
* will always return {@code true} if this method returned {@code true}.
*
* @param mayInterruptIfRunning {@code true} if the thread executing this
* task should be interrupted; otherwise, in-progress tasks are allowed
* to complete
* @return {@code false} if the task could not be cancelled,
* typically because it has already completed normally;
* {@code true} otherwise
*/
boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this task was cancelled before it completed
* normally.
*
* @return {@code true} if this task was cancelled before it completed
*/
boolean isCancelled();
/**
* Returns {@code true} if this task completed.
*
* Completion may be due to normal termination, an exception, or
* cancellation -- in all of these cases, this method will return
* {@code true}.
*
* @return {@code true} if this task completed
*/
boolean isDone();
/**
* Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
* retrieves its result.
*
* @return the computed result
* @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
* @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
* exception
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
* while waiting
*/
V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;
/**
* Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
* to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
*
* @param timeout the maximum time to wait
* @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
* @return the computed result
* @throws CancellationException if the computation was cancelled
* @throws ExecutionException if the computation threw an
* exception
* @throws InterruptedException if the current thread was interrupted
* while waiting
* @throws TimeoutException if the wait timed out
*/
V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}
FutureTask
FutureTask则是一个RunnableFuture<V>，而RunnableFuture实现了Runnbale又实现了Futrue<V>这两个接口，
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>
RunnableFuture
public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
/**
* Sets this Future to the result of its computation
* unless it has been cancelled.
*/
void run();
}
另外它还可以包装Runnable和Callable<V>， 由构造函数注入依赖。
public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
if (callable == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.callable = callable;
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
可以看到，Runnable注入会被Executors.callable()函数转换为Callable类型，即FutureTask最终都是执行Callable类型的任务。该适配函数的实现如下 ：
public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {
if (task == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);
}
RunnableAdapter适配器
/**
* A callable that runs given task and returns given result
*/
static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {
final Runnable task;
final T result;
RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {
this.task = task;
this.result = result;
}
public T call() {
task.run();
return result;
}
}
由于FutureTask实现了Runnable，因此它既可以通过Thread包装来直接执行，也可以提交给ExecuteService来执行。
并且还可以直接通过get()函数获取执行结果，该函数会阻塞，直到结果返回。因此FutureTask既是Future、
Runnable，****又是包装了Callable( 如果是Runnable最终也会被转换为Callable )， 它是这两者的合体。
简单示例
package com.effective.java.concurrent.task;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
mport java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
public class RunnableFutureTask {
/**
* ExecutorService
*/
static ExecutorService mExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();
/**
*
* @param args
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
runnableDemo();
futureDemo();
}
/**
* runnable, 无返回值
*/
static void runnableDemo() {
new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("runnable demo : " + fibc(20));
}
}).start();
}
/**
* 其中Runnable实现的是void run()方法，无返回值；Callable实现的是 V
* call()方法，并且可以返回执行结果。其中Runnable可以提交给Thread来包装下
* ，直接启动一个线程来执行，而Callable则一般都是提交给ExecuteService来执行。
*/ static void futureDemo() {
try {
/**
* 提交runnable则没有返回值, future没有数据
*/
Future<?> result = mExecutor.submit(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
fibc(20);
}
});
System.out.println("future result from runnable : " + result.get());
/**
* 提交Callable, 有返回值, future中能够获取返回值
*/
Future<Integer> result2 = mExecutor.submit(new Callable<Integer>() {
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception { return fibc(20);
}
});
System.out.println("future result from callable : " + result2.get());
/**
* FutureTask则是一个RunnableFuture<V>，即实现了Runnbale又实现了Futrue<V>这两个接口，
* 另外它还可以包装Runnable(实际上会转换为Callable)和Callable
* <V>，所以一般来讲是一个符合体了，它可以通过Thread包装来直接执行，也可以提交给ExecuteService来执行
* ，并且还可以通过v get()返回执行结果，在线程体没有执行完成的时候，主线程一直阻塞等待，执行完则直接返回结果。 */
FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(
new Callable<Integer>() {
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
return fibc(20);
}
});
// 提交futureTask
mExecutor.submit(futureTask) ;
System.out.println("future result from futureTask : " + futureTask.get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
/**
* 效率底下的斐波那契数列, 耗时的操作 *
* @param num
* @return
*/
static int fibc(int num) {
if (num == 0) {
return 0;
}
if (num == 1) {
return 1;
}
return fibc(num - 1) + fibc(num - 2);
}
}
输出结果
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