简介
在RDD源码走读分析的例子中看到,通过RDD执行map和reduce方法即可计算数组元素的平方和,RDD的reduce方法最终调用了dagScheduler.runJob方法执行任务,DAGScheduler是如何划分划分并行计算任务的是本章关注的重点。在了解DAGScheduler前先了解下几个概念:
几个概念
-
Job: 向DAG Scheduler提交的一次作业,在RDD中,每执行一次Action(如collect, count, reduce等)的操作就会提交一个Job,Job是通过DAGScheduler的submitJob方法提交的。
-
Stage: 一个Job包含多个Stage,Stage之间的边界是一个Shuffle的过程,在DAG中上游的Stage将计算结果输出后,下游的Stage获取结果后才能进行计算。在Spark中有两类Stage,一类是ShuffleMapStage,用于为shuffle输出结果,另一类是ResultStage,是DAG中最后的一个Stage,用于输出计算结果。如果多个Job共享一个RDD,则Stage也可以在多个Job之间共享。
-
Task: 一个独立的计算单元,一个Stage可以包含多个Task,每一个Stage内的Task负责在同一个RDD的不同partition上运行相同的函数。
从runJob开始吧
在RDD执行一个action的操作后最终都会调用DAGScheduler的runJob方法开始执行作业,runJob的代码如下:
def runJob[T, U](
rdd: RDD[T],
func: (TaskContext, Iterator[T]) => U,
partitions: Seq[Int],
callSite: CallSite,
resultHandler: (Int, U) => Unit,
properties: Properties): Unit = {
val start = System.nanoTime
val waiter = submitJob(rdd, func, partitions, callSite, resultHandler, properties)
ThreadUtils.awaitReady(waiter.completionFuture, Duration.Inf)
waiter.completionFuture.value.get match {
case scala.util.Success(_) =>
logInfo("Job %d finished: %s, took %f s".format
(waiter.jobId, callSite.shortForm, (System.nanoTime - start) / 1e9))
case scala.util.Failure(exception) =>
logInfo("Job %d failed: %s, took %f s".format
(waiter.jobId, callSite.shortForm, (System.nanoTime - start) / 1e9))
// SPARK-8644: Include user stack trace in exceptions coming from DAGScheduler.
val callerStackTrace = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace.tail
exception.setStackTrace(exception.getStackTrace ++ callerStackTrace)
throw exception
}
}
这个方法传入了要计算的RDD,计算函数 func,需要在RDD的哪些partition上计算,结果处理函数resultHandler,配置项信息等,调用SubmitJob函数,该函数返回了一个waiter对象用于异步等待计算结果返回。因此重点在于submitJob之中。
submitJob的代码如下:
def submitJob[T, U](
rdd: RDD[T],
func: (TaskContext, Iterator[T]) => U,
partitions: Seq[Int],
callSite: CallSite,
resultHandler: (Int, U) => Unit,
properties: Properties): JobWaiter[U] = {
// Check to make sure we are not launching a task on a partition that does not exist.
val maxPartitions = rdd.partitions.length
partitions.find(p => p >= maxPartitions || p < 0).foreach { p =>
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"Attempting to access a non-existent partition: " + p + ". " +
"Total number of partitions: " + maxPartitions)
}
val jobId = nextJobId.getAndIncrement()
if (partitions.size == 0) {
// Return immediately if the job is running 0 tasks
return new JobWaiter[U](this, jobId, 0, resultHandler)
}
assert(partitions.size > 0)
val func2 = func.asInstanceOf[(TaskContext, Iterator[_]) => _]
val waiter = new JobWaiter(this, jobId, partitions.size, resultHandler)
eventProcessLoop.post(JobSubmitted(
jobId, rdd, func2, partitions.toArray, callSite, waiter,
SerializationUtils.clone(properties)))
waiter
}
这段代码主要包括判断partition 的index是否越界,生成JobID,生成waiter对象,将JobSubmitted事件提交到事件处理对列eventProcessLoop中,因此需要重点看这个队列是怎样处理JobSubmitted事件的。
eventProcessLoop是一个DAGSchedulerEventProcessLoop对象,DAGSchedulerEventProcessLoop负责接收事件,并在一个Daemon线程中异步的按照FIFO的顺序处理这些事件。事件处理的主体逻辑在doOnReceive中,该方法中对JobSubmitted的处理方式是调用DAGScheduler的handleJobSubmitted方法,因此视线需要转移到handleJobSubmitted上来:
private[scheduler] def handleJobSubmitted(jobId: Int,
finalRDD: RDD[_],
func: (TaskContext, Iterator[_]) => _,
partitions: Array[Int],
callSite: CallSite,
listener: JobListener,
properties: Properties) {
var finalStage: ResultStage = null
try {
finalStage = createResultStage(finalRDD, func, partitions, jobId, callSite)
} catch {
case e: Exception =>
listener.jobFailed(e)
return
}
val job = new ActiveJob(jobId, finalStage, callSite, listener, properties)
val jobSubmissionTime = clock.getTimeMillis()
jobIdToActiveJob(jobId) = job
activeJobs += job
finalStage.setActiveJob(job)
val stageIds = jobIdToStageIds(jobId).toArray
val stageInfos = stageIds.flatMap(id => stageIdToStage.get(id).map(_.latestInfo))
listenerBus.post(
SparkListenerJobStart(job.jobId, jobSubmissionTime, stageInfos, properties))
submitStage(finalStage)
}
前面提到,一个Job包中包含一个ResultStage和多个ShuffleMapStage,在handleJobSubmitted中首先创建了ResultStage(这里叫finalStage),生成ActiveJob,并在消息Bus中发送了JobStart Event,将该Event传递给Bus中的listeners。(关于消息Bus可以参考Spark消息总线实现),最后执行submitStage方法提交Stage。该方法的核心部分是createResultStage和submitStage。
创建ResultStage
创建resultStage的前提是首先创建其依赖的parent Stage,然后创建resultStage。
private def createResultStage(
rdd: RDD[_],
func: (TaskContext, Iterator[_]) => _,
partitions: Array[Int],
jobId: Int,
callSite: CallSite): ResultStage = {
val parents = getOrCreateParentStages(rdd, jobId)
val id = nextStageId.getAndIncrement()
val stage = new ResultStage(id, rdd, func, partitions, parents, jobId, callSite)
stageIdToStage(id) = stage
updateJobIdStageIdMaps(jobId, stage)
stage
}
创建parent stage的源码如下,该方法遍历当前RDD的ShuffleDependencies,并为每一个ShuffleDependencies的RDD创建ShuffleMapStage
private def getOrCreateParentStages(rdd: RDD[_], firstJobId: Int): List[Stage] = {
getShuffleDependencies(rdd).map { shuffleDep =>
getOrCreateShuffleMapStage(shuffleDep, firstJobId)
}.toList
}
- 遍历当前RDD的ShuffleDependencies的源码如下,该方法寻找其直接依赖的ShuffleDependency,例如
A <-- B <-- C
D<--E<-C
其中<--表示ShuffleDependency,<-表示NarrowDependency,则该方法只会 返回B<--C和D<--C的Dependency。即该方法只会遍历最近一层ShuffleDependency。
private[scheduler] def getShuffleDependencies(
rdd: RDD[_]): HashSet[ShuffleDependency[_, _, _]] = {
val parents = new HashSet[ShuffleDependency[_, _, _]]
val visited = new HashSet[RDD[_]]
val waitingForVisit = new ArrayStack[RDD[_]]
waitingForVisit.push(rdd)
while (waitingForVisit.nonEmpty) {
val toVisit = waitingForVisit.pop()
if (!visited(toVisit)) {
visited += toVisit
toVisit.dependencies.foreach {
case shuffleDep: ShuffleDependency[_, _, _] =>
parents += shuffleDep
case dependency =>
waitingForVisit.push(dependency.rdd)
}
}
}
parents
}
- 为每一个ShuffleDependencies的RDD创建ShuffleMapStage的方法如下:该方法首先在shuffleIdToMapStage中找是否存在已经创建的Stage,如果存在则直接返回,否则先为当前ShuffleDependency的父ShuffleDependency创建MapStage,然后自己再创建MapStage.
private def getOrCreateShuffleMapStage(
shuffleDep: ShuffleDependency[_, _, _],
firstJobId: Int): ShuffleMapStage = {
shuffleIdToMapStage.get(shuffleDep.shuffleId) match {
case Some(stage) =>
stage
case None =>
getMissingAncestorShuffleDependencies(shuffleDep.rdd).foreach { dep =>
if (!shuffleIdToMapStage.contains(dep.shuffleId)) {
createShuffleMapStage(dep, firstJobId)
}
}
createShuffleMapStage(shuffleDep, firstJobId)
}
}
- getMissingAncestorShuffleDependencies是创建父ShuffleDependencies的方法,该方法采用了广度优先的图遍历方式获取该RDD的所有祖先ShuffleDependencies:
private def getMissingAncestorShuffleDependencies(
rdd: RDD[_]): ArrayStack[ShuffleDependency[_, _, _]] = {
val ancestors = new ArrayStack[ShuffleDependency[_, _, _]]
val visited = new HashSet[RDD[_]]
// We are manually maintaining a stack here to prevent StackOverflowError
// caused by recursively visiting
val waitingForVisit = new ArrayStack[RDD[_]]
waitingForVisit.push(rdd)
while (waitingForVisit.nonEmpty) {
val toVisit = waitingForVisit.pop()
if (!visited(toVisit)) {
visited += toVisit
getShuffleDependencies(toVisit).foreach { shuffleDep =>
if (!shuffleIdToMapStage.contains(shuffleDep.shuffleId)) {
ancestors.push(shuffleDep)
waitingForVisit.push(shuffleDep.rdd)
} // Otherwise, the dependency and its ancestors have already been registered.
}
}
}
ancestors
}
前面讲了太多的函数之间的调用关系,总之就是在生成ResultStage前必须先生成其依赖的ShuffleMapStage,下面这张图是一个总结:
生成Stage的调用关系图
提交Stage
在根据RDD之间的依赖关系生成Stage之后,接下来就需要将Stage提交到TaskScheduler并执行。
这段代码首先获取其依赖的parentStage,若没有依赖的missing parentStage这里missing是指没有被缓存,且Stage的isAvailable为false)则直接提交当前的Stage,否则将还没有执行的parentStage按照依赖先后顺序递归提交,并将当前的Stage加入到等待队列waitingStages中。
private def submitStage(stage: Stage) {
val jobId = activeJobForStage(stage)
if (jobId.isDefined) {
if (!waitingStages(stage) && !runningStages(stage) && !failedStages(stage)) {
val missing = getMissingParentStages(stage).sortBy(_.id)
if (missing.isEmpty) {
submitMissingTasks(stage, jobId.get)
} else {
for (parent <- missing) {
submitStage(parent)
}
waitingStages += stage
}
}
} else {
abortStage(stage, "No active job for stage " + stage.id, None)
}
}
获取依赖的missing parentStage的主逻辑在getMissingParentStages里面,该方法定义了一个visit方法以广度优先的方式遍历该Stage依赖的RDD,如果访问的RDD已经缓存,则无需再计算其parent Stage,否则需要根据Dependency的关系继续遍历其parent RDD。
private def getMissingParentStages(stage: Stage): List[Stage] = {
val missing = new HashSet[Stage]
val visited = new HashSet[RDD[_]]
val waitingForVisit = new ArrayStack[RDD[_]]
def visit(rdd: RDD[_]) {
if (!visited(rdd)) {
visited += rdd
val rddHasUncachedPartitions = getCacheLocs(rdd).contains(Nil)
if (rddHasUncachedPartitions) {
for (dep <- rdd.dependencies) {
dep match {
case shufDep: ShuffleDependency[_, _, _] =>
val mapStage = getOrCreateShuffleMapStage(shufDep, stage.firstJobId)
if (!mapStage.isAvailable) {
missing += mapStage
}
case narrowDep: NarrowDependency[_] =>
waitingForVisit.push(narrowDep.rdd)
}
}
}
}
}
waitingForVisit.push(stage.rdd)
while (waitingForVisit.nonEmpty) {
visit(waitingForVisit.pop())
}
missing.toList
}
提交Missing Task的逻辑包括:
- 获取当前Stage还需要计算的partition(partitionsToCompute)
- 计算每一个Partition的最优位置
val taskIdToLocations: Map[Int, Seq[TaskLocation]] = try {
stage match {
case s: ShuffleMapStage =>
partitionsToCompute.map { id => (id, getPreferredLocs(stage.rdd, id))}.toMap
case s: ResultStage =>
partitionsToCompute.map { id =>
val p = s.partitions(id)
(id, getPreferredLocs(stage.rdd, p))
}.toMap
}
}
- 将Stage进行二进制编码并广播至Executor
val taskBinaryBytes: Array[Byte] = stage match {
case stage: ShuffleMapStage =>
JavaUtils.bufferToArray(
closureSerializer.serialize((stage.rdd, stage.shuffleDep): AnyRef))
case stage: ResultStage =>
JavaUtils.bufferToArray(closureSerializer.serialize((stage.rdd, stage.func): AnyRef))
}
taskBinary = sc.broadcast(taskBinaryBytes)
- 生成Task,每一个需要计算的Partition对应生成一个Task,其中ShuffleMapStage生成ShuffleMapTask,ResultStage生成ResultTask。
val tasks: Seq[Task[_]] = try {
val serializedTaskMetrics = closureSerializer.serialize(stage.latestInfo.taskMetrics).array()
stage match {
case stage: ShuffleMapStage =>
stage.pendingPartitions.clear()
partitionsToCompute.map { id =>
val locs = taskIdToLocations(id)
val part = stage.rdd.partitions(id)
stage.pendingPartitions += id
new ShuffleMapTask(stage.id, stage.latestInfo.attemptId,
taskBinary, part, locs, properties, serializedTaskMetrics, Option(jobId),
Option(sc.applicationId), sc.applicationAttemptId)
}
case stage: ResultStage =>
partitionsToCompute.map { id =>
val p: Int = stage.partitions(id)
val part = stage.rdd.partitions(p)
val locs = taskIdToLocations(id)
new ResultTask(stage.id, stage.latestInfo.attemptId,
taskBinary, part, locs, id, properties, serializedTaskMetrics,
Option(jobId), Option(sc.applicationId), sc.applicationAttemptId)
}
}
}
*通过TaskScheduler提交Tasks
taskScheduler.submitTasks(new TaskSet(
tasks.toArray, stage.id, stage.latestInfo.attemptId, jobId, properties))
*提交等待的子Stage
submitWaitingChildStages(stage)
关于这些步骤的细节将在后续章节深入展开,包括获取Partition的最优位置,TaskScheduler提交Task等。
总结
本文重点讲述了DAGScheduler中的几个概念,Job,Stage,Task,以及DAGScheduler根据RDD之间的依赖关系划分Stage的过程。
一个Job包含一个或多个Stage,一个Stage可以在一个或多个Job之间共享,Stage之间是以RDD的ShuffleDependency为划分界限的。每一个Stage可包含一个或者多个Task,每一个Task对应一个Stage的RDD中尚未计算的一个Partition。
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