Python 爬取 42 年高考数据，告诉你高考为什么这么难？

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对于像作者一样已经工作的“上班族”来说，6月7号到9号三天无疑是兴奋到飞起的，终于迎来了令人愉悦的端午假期：

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然而有那么一群人，将在端午节日之际迎来人生特别重要的一次经历或者说是挑战，那就是高考生们。高考的重要性无须赘述，今天我们就来聊聊那些年我们一起经历的高考。

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历年录取率

可能很多经历过高考的人都不知道高考的全称，高考实际上是普通高等学校招生全国统一考试的简称。从1977年国家恢复高考制度至今，高考经历了许多的改革，其中最为显著的变化就是录取率的显著提升，曾经的“千军万马过独木桥”的场景得到了一定程度的缓解。

我们首先看下1977-2018年历年的录取人数和未录取（落榜）人数变化情况，本文数据均来自于网络公开高考数据：

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可以看到1977年恢复高考之后的几年，由于种种原因，高考人数到达了一个比较高的点，随后有所下降。到2000年之后，高考的人数有了进一步的提升，录取人数也随之大幅提升，2008、2009达到了顶峰（此时心疼自己1秒），2010年之后参与高考的人数趋于平稳。

通过上图也可以发现，早期的高考难度之高，未录取人数是录取人数的数倍之多，而且早期的高考实际上在开始之前有预选的过程，能够参加高考的考生实际上已经经过了一轮大浪淘沙的过程。随着教育改革，越来越多的考生有机会通过高考接受更进一步的教育。

我们通过下面的百分比图，对于录取率的变化进一步加深认知：

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看到这不禁对老爸发出由衷的赞叹，作者参与高考时的录取率已经是老爸参加时的数倍之多，相较于老爸那个时候的“千军万马过独木桥”，作者过的独木桥已经要宽敞了好多。

部分代码如下：

<pre spellcheck="false" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 5px 0px; padding: 5px 10px; border: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-weight: 400; font-stretch: inherit; font-size: 16px; line-height: inherit; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; cursor: text; counter-reset: list-1 0 list-2 0 list-3 0 list-4 0 list-5 0 list-6 0 list-7 0 list-8 0 list-9 0; background-color: rgb(240, 240, 240); border-radius: 3px; white-space: pre-wrap; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">setwd('D:/爬虫/高考')
data = read_excel('历年录取率.xlsx')
data_year = melt(data,id.vars = '年份',measure.vars = c('录取','未录取'),
variable.name='录取情况', value.name='人数(万)')
ggplot(data_year,aes(x=年份,y=人数(万),fill=录取情况))+
geom_area(position = 'stack')+
ggtitle('历年高考人数统计(1977-2018)')+ theme_wsj()+
theme(axis.text.x = element_text(size=15),
axis.text.y = element_text(size=15),
axis.title =element_text(size=15),
plot.title = element_text(hjust=0.5,size=25,face='bold'),
panel.grid = element_blank(),
legend.position = 'top',
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size=15),
panel.background = element_blank(),
axis.line = element_blank(),
axis.ticks = element_blank()
)+xlim(1977,2018)
</pre>

说到这，似乎大家会认为现在的高考并不困难，录取率已经到达了8成左右，通过高考已经成了家常便饭，如果你真的这样认为，想太多了。

我们下面就进一步去分析高考数据，为大家列举横亘在高考生面前的三座大山：

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三座“大山”

名校录取率

前面我们提到的录取率有了显著的提升，然而录取率实际上是包括了所有的录取情况，同时包含了本科以及专科的录取情况。真正的“211”，“985”名校的竞争实际上还是异常激烈的，特别是在一些处于“地狱模式”的高考省份（由于没有在网上找到海南省的相关数据，我们选取了其他三十个省份、直辖市的数据）：

下面就为大家对比各个省份2018年的985、211录取率：

<tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1562225001006 ql-align-center" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; text-align: left; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"> image <input class="pgc-img-caption-ipt" placeholder="图片描述(最多50字)" value="" style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); position: absolute; left: 187.5px; transform: translateX(-50%); padding: 6px 7px; max-width: 100%; width: 375px; text-align: center; cursor: text; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: none; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 217); border-radius: 4px; transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.645, 0.045, 0.355, 1) 0s;"></tt-image> <tt-image data-tteditor-tag="tteditorTag" contenteditable="false" class="syl1562225001014" data-render-status="finished" data-syl-blot="image" style="box-sizing: border-box; cursor: text; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", "WenQuanYi Micro Hei", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: pre-wrap; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: block;"> image

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可以看到，不同省份的985和211录取率有着比较明显的差距，12个省份的985录取率低于1.5%，安徽，河南，江苏和贵州更是低于1.2%，作为山东考生的作者也不由得表示“自愧不如”。

即使是录取率最高的省份，985和211的录取率也只是5.8%和13.9%，结合现在各大企业在招人要求中对985和211的要求，高考真的并没有真的变得简单。

高考人数

除了名校录取率低之外，高考人数之多也是横亘在考生面前需要跨过的一个挑战。由于参与高考人数非常多，对于考试精细度就有了非常高的要求，可能一个细节的失误就会在全省的排名中下降非常多。

同样，我们看下各省2018年参与高考的人数：

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河南省2018年的高考人数达到了86.5万，86.5万这个数据也超过了世界上接近2/3的国家人口数量。广东、山东、四川三个省的高考人数也超过了50万。由于参与高考的人数众多，这些省的高考几乎都是“肉搏战”。

高考题目难

除了名校录取率低，竞争人数多，另一个让广大考生为之“折服”的就是那些难度大到放飞自我的题目。其中一个省份的题目难度几乎是所有考生公认的最高，那就是江苏省，包括小编所在山东省在内的很多其他省的老师，都会告诉学生不需要关注江苏的历年题目，因为本省的考试题目不会那么难。

除了题目难度大，江苏高考改革的力度和速度也是冠绝全国，我们整理了一份江苏省2000年以来的历年高考改革的路线图：

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看到这些模式的名称，可能大家已经有些眩晕，也深切体会到能从江苏高考中杀出重围的都是勇士。既然已经眩晕，不如就眩晕到底，下面是一道江苏省高考的真题，自行体验难度：

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数学、物理这种大杀器都无需出场，只需一道作文题在作者这种“语文天残”看来就已经slay全场。

前面我们说了那么多高考的困难之处，是不是考生们真的就手足无措了呢，实际上并不是，只需要手握一些高考专属“杀器”就可以迎刃而解（以上纯属虚构）

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高考“杀器”

五年高考三年模拟

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此杀器的使用方法无需赘述，只需把其全部吃透，虽然这也不表示高考就一定会有好成绩。希望各位考生努力复习，切勿如同书名一样“五年高考，三年模拟”。

葛老师

葛老师乃高考中的超级大杀器，其威力可以参考下图，正所谓人不在江湖，但江湖上始终流传着他的传说：

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由于葛老师过于强大，切勿幻想能将葛老师像“五年高考、三年模拟“那样吃透之后融会贯通，最好的方法就是“走为上计”，B站上的广大考生已经开始通过弹幕进行了实践：

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写在最后

虽然我们前面列举了高考那么多的不易，但高考实际上为广大考生提供了改变自己人未来人生命运的机会。相较于其他很多缥缈不定的发展道路，高考给了大家一个明确的努力方向。

最后祝愿广大考生都能够放平心态（虽然并不现实），在高考中发挥自己所学，不留遗憾。取得不错的结果也不要因此沾沾自喜，没有达到自己的预期的也不要因此消沉，高考是我们人生中非常重要的一段历程，但不能完全决定我们未来的人生，未来还有很多需要去奋斗、去努力的地方。