杰出不是一种天赋，而是一种人人都可以学会的技巧！
刻意练习，教会“平庸”的你如何走向卓越！
8月读的书是PEAK: Secrets from the New Science of Expertise，中文翻译成《刻意练习：如何从新手到大师》。从中文的书名，刻意清楚地看出这本书叙述的方法是刻意练习——deliberate practice。
这本书除去导言部分，一共有9章。
第一章是The Power of Purposeful Practice：为正式引入deliberate practice做了铺垫。
首先定义了Purposeful practice is all about putting a bunch of baby steps together to reach a longer-term goal.
Purposeful Practice有以下几个特点：
Purposeful practice is focused.
Purposeful practice involves feedback.
Purposeful practice requires getting out of one’s comfort zone.
从这里，我们多少已经可以嗅到"刻意练习"的味道。这章将天真练习和有目的的练习进行对比，使我意识到我之前进行的练习大多数是天真练习，大多不带有目的。读了这部分，让我追悔莫及，浪费了那么多时间做无用功。
第二章是Harnessing Adaptability：这为刻意练习提供了脑科学的理论基础
Just as we do exercise to be muscular,
so we can work our brains to improve brains' structures and functions.
How to work our brains?
Deliberate practice!
这部分的内容给予我信心。它告诉我们刻意练习是有科学依据支撑的。我们通过练习会改变大脑的结构。
第三章是Mental Representations：与deliberate practice相互作用
Mental representation is a mental structure that corresponds to an object, an idea, a collection of information, or anything else, concrete or abstract, that the brain is thinking about.
Deliberate practice creates mental representation and the mental representation produced by the deliberate practice has significant impact on the process and results of deliberate practice.
Mental Representations也就是心理表征，它类似于我们所说的“经验”。对于它和刻意练习的关系我深表认同。就拿学生平常做的练习题来说，我们做这些题并不是为了在考试中遇到一模一样的题，而是建立起这个知识点的Mental Representations。
第四章是The Gold Standard：正式介绍“刻意练习”
Deliberate practice develops skills that other people have already figured out how to do and for which effective training techniques have been established.
Deliberate practice takes place outside one’s comfort zone and requires a student to constantly try things that are just beyond his or her current abilities.
Deliberate practice involves well-defined, specific goals and often involves improving some aspect of the target performance; it is not aimed at some vague overall improvement.
Deliberate practice is deliberate, that is, it requires a person’s full attention and conscious actions.
Deliberate practice involves feedback and modification of efforts in response to that feedback.
Deliberate practice both produces and depends on effective mental representations.
Deliberate practice nearly always involves building or modifying previously acquired skills by focusing on particular aspects of those skills and working to improve them specifically; over time this step-by-step improvement will eventually lead to expert performance.
以上是刻意练习的几个基本要点，当我们要开展一项练习时，可以对照着以上几个点核对一下。
第五章和第六章Principles of Deliberate Practice on the Job/in Everyday Life：讲述了刻意练习在工作与生活中的应用
Focus（专注）、Feedback（反馈）、Fix it（修正）
用这三个词就可以很好地概括如何在工作学习和生活中运用刻意练习。首先就是要专注，对于练习要专注，之后对于练习的结果进行即时的反馈。反馈这点非常的重要，我们在日常的学习中就缺少反馈，对于反馈的方式也可以是多种的。针对反馈的结果，再对练习进行修正。
第七章是The Road to Extraordinary：刻意练习可以让我们走向卓越
STARTING OUT
BECOMING SERIOUS
COMMITMENT
PATHBREAKERS
这四个阶段是按实施的先后顺序安排的。我们想要真正练就一项技能，少不了经历这几个阶段。我比较有感悟的最后一个阶段PATHBREAKERS，我觉得这是我们不断hone our skills的动力。
第八章讲的是But What About Natural Talent：刻意练习练就“天才”
从长远来看，占上风的是那些练习更勤奋的人，而不是那些一开始在智商或其它才华方面稍有优势的人。
我觉得这章给我们这些资质平平的人一些信心：天资在成为“天才”的道路上的作用不具有决定性，甚至作用很小。
第九章讲的是Where Do We Go from Here：刻意练习的意义
You can take charge of your own potential！Please practice more！
当今的社会是一个知识快速更新的社会，随之，我们需要掌握的技能也就越来越多。而刻意学习的方法无疑给我们提供了信心。这个方法几乎可以应用在所有我们所以要学习的领域。
然后，分享一下阅读这本书的时候学到的有用的表达：
1. hone：to make something perfect or completely suitable for its purpose磨练，磨砺；训练finely honed(=extremely well-developed) intuition极度发达的直觉
2. in a nutshell：used when you are stating the main facts about something in a short, clear way一言以蔽之，简括地说，用一句话概括
3. pep talk: a short speech intended to encourage someone to work harder, win a game etc鼓舞士气的讲话，激励性讲话
4. Draw:the final result of a game or competition in which both teams or players have the same number of points平局，和局
5. Rekindle:to make someone have a particular feeling, thought etc again重新激起，重新唤起
6. reminiscent: reminiscent of sth reminding you of something使人想起某事的
7. virtuous circle：a series of events in which each one seems to increase the good effects of the previous one 良性循环
vicious circle：a situation in which one problem causes another problem, that then causes the first problem again, so that the whole process continues to be repeated 恶性循环
8. boil down to：informal if a long statement, argument etc boils down to a single statement, that statement is the main point or cause要点是某事，归结为某事
9. be in full swing:if an event or process is in full swing, it has reached its highest level of activity正在热烈进行中，正酣时
10. full-fledged：completely developed, trained, or established 全面发展的; 经过全面训练的; 成熟的
11. brush up on：to practise and improve your skills or your knowledge of something that you learned in the past温习，复习
12. flip side:the bad effects of something that also has good effects负面，反面
13. breeze through：to achieve something very easily轻松完成; 轻松通过
14. kick in：informal to start or to begin to have an effect开始见效; 开始运作
15. plug into：to realize that something is available to be used and use it意识到可以利用
最后，非常高兴能与大家顺利完成这个月的阅读！
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