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day38 ssh批量管理和ansible

day38 ssh批量管理和ansible

作者: 1220 | 来源:发表于2019-04-23 14:43 被阅读0次

    1.ssh-keygen非交互式创建秘钥对:

    具体命令:ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -P '' -q
    参数讲解:
    ssh-keygen:密钥对创建工具
    [-P old_passphrase] 密码
    [-f output_keyfile] 输出的秘钥文件
    [-q] 不输出信息
    [-t dsa ] 指定秘钥类型。

    2.ssh-copy-id不需要提示yes/no分发秘钥

    具体命令:

    ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no 172.16.1.8

    参数讲解:

    ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no root172.16.1.8
    ssh-copy-id [-f] [-i [identity_file]] [-p port] [[-o <ssh -o options>] ...] [user@]hostname

    说明:

    -f: force mode 强制
    [-i [identity_file]] 指定秘钥文件
    [[-o <ssh -o options>] ...] 指定ssh参数选项。

    3.sshpass工具:指定密码非人工交互分发秘钥

    sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.7

    [root@web02 ~]# sshpass -help
    Usage: sshpass [-f|-d|-p|-e] [-hV] command parameters
    sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.7
    sshpass [-f|-d|-p|-e] [-hV] command parameters

    参数讲解:

    -p password Provide password as argument (security unwise) #指定用户密码操作

    4.一键配置实践

    把web02作为分发服务器:
    web02(8)-->m01(61)
    web02(8)-->web01(7)

    ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa -P '' -q
    ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.7
    sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.7

    编写脚本:发送

    #!/bin/bash
    #yum install sshpass -y
    ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa  -P '' -q
    for ip in 7 61
    do
      sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
    done
    #test
    ssh 172.16.1.7 "ifconfig eth0"
    ssh 172.16.1.61 "ifconfig eth0"
    

    老男孩Linux58期-ansible自动化管理实践

    0.运维发展历史
    开发给运维打工:
    人肉运维(1万-2万)---自动化(使用自动5000工资)--->平台化(5000元工资)---
    开发自动化(2-3万) 开发平台的(2-4万)(Python/Shell)

    --->可视化运维(简单化、表现价值)----->智能化(人也不要了)(aiops)
    开发可视化(2-5万)(Python/Shell) 开发智能化的产品(机器人)(大数据+人工智能) 机器学习、深度学习。

    1.ansible介绍

    ssh秘钥认证+脚本批量管理,特点:简单、实用,
    但是看起来比较LOW,需要人工写脚本,类似实时复制的inotify工具。
    2013以前这种方式很普遍。
    MySQL高可用 MHA集群,要求所有机器互相秘钥认证。
    大数据集群也需要。

    2.批量管理工具历史

    SSH+脚本 CFEngine、Puppet、saltstack 、ansible
    08年以前 07-08年 10-13年 14-17(python开发) 16-(python开发)
    sina网

    3.为什么用ansible?

    简单、方便、容易学习、功能同样强大。
    ansible有配置文件,可以多线程直接实现。不需要写脚本,类似实时复制的sersync。

    4.什么是ansible?

    Ansible是一个用来远程管理服务器的工具软件。
    Ansible是一个用来批量部署远程主机上服务的工具。这里“远程主机(Remote Host)”是指任
    何可以通过SSH登录的主机,所以它既可以是远程虚拟机或物理机,也可以是本地主机。
    Ansible通过SSH协议实现管理节点与远程节点之间的通信。理论上来说,只要能通过SSH登录到
    远程主机来完成的操作,都可以通过Ansible实现批量自动化操作。
    涉及管理操作:复制文件、安装服务、服务启动停止管理、配置管理等等。

    5.为什么要用批量管理工具运维?

    提高效率,百度几万台服务器,阿里几十万台服务器。
    如何省钱?
    SSD+SATA 热点存储 15 15 7

    6.Ansible特点

    Ansible基于Python语言实现,由Paramiko和PyYAML两个关键模块构建。
    1)安装部署过程特别简单,学习曲线很平
    2)不需要单独安装客户端,只是利用现有的SSHD服务(协议)即可。
    3)不需要服务端(no servers)。
    4)ansible playbook,采用yaml配置,提前编排自动化任务。
    5)ansible功能模块较多,对于自动化的场景支持丰富。
    官方:http://docs.ansible.com

    7.Ansible架构介绍(见图说明)

    1、连接插件connectior plugins用于连接主机 用来连接被管理端
    2、核心模块 core modules 连接主机实现操作, 它依赖于具体的模块来做具体的事情
    3、自定义模块 custom modules,根据自己的需求编写具体的模块
    4、插件 plugins,完成模块功能的补充
    5、剧本 playbooks,ansible的配置文件,将多个任务定义在剧本中,由ansible自动执行
    6、主机清单 inventor,定义ansible需要操作主机的范围
    最重要的一点是 ansible是模块化的 它所有的操作都依赖于模块
    (懂Python可以二次开发)

    8、ansible实践环境准备

    61(m01)====>31(nfs01)
    61(m01) ====>41(backup)

    9.安装ansible

    m01管理机:
    yum install epel-release -y
    yum install ansible -y

    如果有libselinux-python就不执行下面的命令了。
    rpm -qa |grep libselinux-python
    yum install libselinux-python -y

    其他所有机器:
    rpm -qa |grep libselinux-python
    yum install libselinux-python -y

    10.主机列表配置

    ssh列表实现方法:
    for n in 7 8
    do
    echo 172.16.1.$n
    done

    /etc/ansible/hosts主机资产清单文件,用于定义被管理主机的认证信息,
    例如ssh登录用户名、密码以及key相关信息。如何配置Inventory文件
    1.主机支持主机名通配以及正则表达式,例如web[1:3].oldboy.com代表三台主机
    2.主机支持基于非标准的ssh端口,例如web1.oldboyedu.com:6666
    3.主机支持指定变量,可对个别主机的特殊配置,如登陆用户\密码
    4.主机组支持指定变量[group_name:vars],同时支持嵌套组[game:children]

    实践:

    cp /etc/ansible/hosts{,.ori}
    cat >/etc/ansible/hosts<<EOF
    [oldboy]
    172.16.1.31
    172.16.1.41
    
    [oldgirl]
    172.16.1.31
    172.16.1.41
    172.16.1.51
    EOF
    cat /etc/ansible/hosts
    [oldboy]
    172.16.1.31
    172.16.1.41
    
    [oldgirl]
    172.16.1.31
    172.16.1.41
    172.16.1.51
    

    etc/ansible/ansible.cfg -------ansible的配置文件

    直接执行如下命令或报错
    ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"

    基于SSH秘钥认证的前提下:

    如果没有做SSH秘钥认证,可以把用户名密码写到
    /etc/ansible/hosts

    [oldboy_pass]
    172.16.1.7 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
    172.16.1.8 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456

    ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m" 要想成功,先解决yes/no的问题。
    1、ssh连接一遍。
    2、ssh -o 参数


    ansible关闭ssh首次连接时yes/no提示

    使用ssh连接时,可以使用-o参数将StrictHostKeyChecking设置为no,
    避免使用ssh连接时避免首次连接时让输入yes/no部分的提示。

    方法1:

    修改 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg中的374行
    374行改为:
    ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no

    方法2:

    修改 /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg中的71行
    71行的注释取消:host_key_checking = False

    目标:ansible是不是需要免秘钥认证(ssh免秘钥认证)? yes

    [root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
    [oldboy]
    172.16.1.31
    172.16.1.7
    

    还原ansible.cfg配置,重启服务器

    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
    The authenticity of host '172.16.1.7 (172.16.1.7)' can't be established.
    ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:qZSBkrmOv7xO/63qOU1uLXkPyNVHdkqvrNAcAmXqNEk.
    ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:23:d0:cb:a9:f4:7c:0b:eb:2d:07:00:e1:a3:12:d8:33.
    Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? The authenticity of host '172.16.1.31 (172.16.1.31)' can't be established.
    ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:qZSBkrmOv7xO/63qOU1uLXkPyNVHdkqvrNAcAmXqNEk.
    ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:23:d0:cb:a9:f4:7c:0b:eb:2d:07:00:e1:a3:12:d8:33.
    Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? 
    

    解决yes/no不需要输入问题:

    修改ansible.cfg 374行:

    ssh_args = -o ControlMaster=auto -o ControlPersist=60s -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no
    

    在执行报错:

    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
    172.16.1.7 | UNREACHABLE! => {
        "changed": false, 
        "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.7' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,password).", 
        "unreachable": true
    }
    172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
        "changed": false, 
        "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.31' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).", 
        "unreachable": true
    }
    

    解决公钥问题:

    ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa  -P '' -q
    for ip in 7
    do
      sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
    done
    #test
    ssh 172.16.1.7 "ifconfig eth0"
    

    执行ansible命令:

    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
    172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
        "changed": false, 
        "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Permission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).", 
        "unreachable": true
    }
    172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
                  total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:            972          69         807           7          95         771
    Swap:           767           0         767
    
    for ip in 31
    do
      sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -f -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
    done
    #test
    ssh 172.16.1.31 "ifconfig eth0"
    
    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
    172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
                  total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:            972          69         807           7          95         771
    Swap:           767           0         767
    
    172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
                  total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:            972          71         804           7          96         768
    Swap:           767           0         767
    

    验证:删除公钥,是不是不可以了?
    重启后,不行,重启前可以

    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
    172.16.1.7 | UNREACHABLE! => {
        "changed": false, 
        "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Warning: Permanently added '172.16.1.7' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,password).", 
        "unreachable": true
    }
    172.16.1.31 | UNREACHABLE! => {
        "changed": false, 
        "msg": "Failed to connect to the host via ssh: Could not create directory '/root/.ssh'.\r\nWarning: Permanently added '172.16.1.31' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\nPermission denied (publickey,gssapi-keyex,gssapi-with-mic,password).", 
        "unreachable": true
    }
    
    

    修改Host增加用户和密码:

    [root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
    注释掉#[oldboy]
                 #172.16.1.31
                 #172.16.1.7
    
    [oldboy_pass]
    172.16.1.31 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
    172.16.1.7 ansible_ssh_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
    

    结果:

    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy_pass -m command -a "free -m"
    172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
                  total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:            972          79         791           7         101         758
    Swap:           767           0         767
    
    172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
                  total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
    Mem:            972          69         806           7          95         771
    Swap:           767           0         767
    
    

    结论:使用SSH连接:

    密码认证 host里主机后面加密码 Paramiko模块 重点:
    秘钥认证:提前发公钥,才能用ansible. SSHPASS工具
    http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/intro_inventory.html#list-of-behavioral-inventory-parameters

    特殊端口:

    [oldboy]
    172.16.1.7 ansible_port=52113 ansible_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456
    172.16.1.8 ansible_port=52113 ansible_user=root ansible_ssh_pass=123456

    12.基于SSH秘钥认证的实践

    一键创建及分发秘钥:

    #!/bin/bash
    ssh-keygen -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa  -P '' -q
    for ip in 7 8 41 31
    do
      sshpass -p123456 ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "-o StrictHostKeyChecking=no" 172.16.1.$ip
    done
    
    [root@m01 ~]# cat /etc/ansible/hosts
    [oldboy]
    172.16.1.31
    172.16.1.41
    172.16.1.7
    
    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m" #和前面sh cmd.sh "free -m"
    
    

    11.ansible命令参数

    -m MODULE_NAME, 模块名字,默认command
    -a MODULE_ARGS, 模块参数
    -f FORKS 并发进程数,默认5个。
    -i INVENTORY(default=/etc/ansible/hosts)指定主机列表文件
    ===================
    ansible
    ansible-doc
    ansible-playbook
    ansible-galaxy
    ===================

    12.ansible模块查看和帮助*****

    查找模块
    ansible-doc -l #模块就Linux命令了。
    查看某个模块的具体参数帮助
    ansible-doc -s command #Linux命令参数

    12.1 command模块 *****
    1)功能说明:

    command Executes a command on a remote node
    功能说明:执行一个命令在远程节点上
    操作实践:
    ansible oldboy -m command -a "free -m"
    ansible oldboy -m command -a "df -h"
    ansible oldboy -m command -a "ls /root"
    ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat redhat-release"
    ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/redhat-release"
    最通用的功能。

    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/redhat-release"
    172.16.1.7 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
    CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 
    
    172.16.1.31 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
    CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 
    
    172.16.1.41 | CHANGED | rc=0 >>
    CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 
    
    [root@m01 ~]# cat /server/scripts/cmd.sh 
    for n in 31 41
    do
       echo "=====172.16.1.$n======"
       ssh 172.16.1.$n "$1"
    done
    [root@m01 ~]# sh /server/scripts/cmd.sh "cat /etc/redhat-release"
    =====172.16.1.31======
    CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 
    =====172.16.1.41======
    CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 
    
    
    特殊:不支持的东西,例如 > < | &等 $HOME,替代方案用shell模块

    ansible oldboy -m shell -a "ps -ef|grep ssh"
    ansible oldboy -m shell -a "echo oldboy >/tmp/a.log"

    2)常用参数说明及实践

    [root@m01 ~]# ansible-doc -s command
    - name: Executes a command on a remote node
      command:
          argv:                  # Allows the user to provide the command as a list vs. a string.  Only the
                                   string or the list form can be provided, not
                                   both.  One or the other must be provided.
          chdir:                 # Change into this directory before running the command.
          creates:               # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it already exists, this step
                                   *won't* be run.
          free_form:             # (required) The command module takes a free form command to run.  There is no
                                   parameter actually named 'free form'. See the
                                   examples!
          removes:               # A filename or (since 2.0) glob pattern. If it already exists, this step *will*  be run.
          stdin:                 # Set the stdin of the command directly to the specified value.
          warn:                  # If command_warnings are on in ansible.cfg, do not warn about this particular
                                   line if set to `no'.
    
    

    参数:chdir=/tmp配置相当于cd /tmp

    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "pwd chdir=/etc"
    ansible oldboy -m shell -a "cd /etc/;pwd"
    参数:creates=/etc 相当于条件测试 [ -e /etc ]||pwd 和下面removes相反
    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "pwd creates=/etc"
    参数:removes=/root 相当于条件测试 [ -e /root ]&&ls /root
    ansible oldboy -m command -a "ls /root removes=/root"
    ansible oldboy -m shell -a "[ -d /etc ]||pwd"
    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "cat /etc/hosts removes=/etc/hosts"
    参数:warn=False 忽略警告
    [root@m01 ~]# ansible oldboy -m command -a "chmod 000 /etc/hosts warn=False"
    更多官方链接:http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/latest/command_module.html或ansible-doc -s command

    远端可以没有脚本,本地有就行:
    [root@m01 /server/scripts]# cat setup.sh
    pwd
    ls /root
    for n in {1..100}
    do
    echo $n >>/tmp/oldboy.log
    done
    执行:
    ansible oldboy -m script -a "/server/scripts/setup.sh"

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        本文标题:day38 ssh批量管理和ansible

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