GUI程序在设计上要求所有的显示变化都必须在主GUI线程中完成,Windows程序是通过消息来实现这一点的,消息被放入由消息泵管理的消息队列中。
消息泵从列队中取出一条消息,并调用它的处理程序代码。当程序代码完成时,消息泵获取下一条消息并循环这个过程。
由于这个架构,处理程序代码就必须矮小精悍,这样才不至于扶起并阻碍其他GUI行为处理。如果某个消息的处理程序代码耗时过长,消息队列中的消息会产生积压。程序将失去响应,因为在那个长时间运行的处理程序完成之前,无法处理任何消息。
示例:下面创建一个WPF程序,在主窗体中添加一个Label与一个Button,具体工作在后端代码的注释中
<Window x:Class="WpfForAsync.MainWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfForAsync"
mc:Ignorable="d"
Title="MainWindow" Height="151.4" Width="323.2">
<StackPanel>
<Label Name="lblStatus" Margin="10,5,10,0" >Not Doing Anything</Label>
<Button Name="btnDoStuff" Content="Do Stuff" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,5" Padding="5,2" Click="btnDoStuff_Click"/>
</StackPanel>
</Window>
后端代码:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
namespace WpfForAsync
{
/// <summary>
/// MainWindow.xaml 的交互逻辑
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void btnDoStuff_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
//首先让按钮禁用
btnDoStuff.IsEnabled = false;
//第二步将lable的文本改动
lblStatus.Content = "Doing Stuff";
//阻塞4秒钟
Thread.Sleep(1000 * 4);
//将lable的内容改为原来的内容
lblStatus.Content = "Not Doing Anything";
//将按钮设置为可用
btnDoStuff.IsEnabled = true;
}
}
}
事实上,当点击按钮的时候,窗体没有任何变化,Label也不会发生内容更改的情况,而且,主窗体在被阻塞的4秒内也无被冻结了!!!
来看程序执行的顺序:
- btnDoStuff_Click将[禁用按钮]消息压入队列
- btnDoStuff_Click将[改变文本]消息压入队列
- btnDoStuff_Click将被阻塞4秒
- btnDoStuff_Click将[改变文本]消息压入队列
- btnDoStuff_Click将[启用按钮]消息压入队列
- btnDoStuff_Click将退出
- 程序执行[禁用按钮]
- 程序执行[改变文本]
- 程序执行[改变文本]
- 程序执行[启用按钮]
由于7~10发生的太快,我们根本看不到发生了什么!
示例:使用异步来解决上述问题
后端代码:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
namespace WpfForAsync
{
/// <summary>
/// MainWindow.xaml 的交互逻辑
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private async void btnDoStuff_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
//首先让按钮禁用
btnDoStuff.IsEnabled = false;
//第二步将lable的文本改动
lblStatus.Content = "Doing Stuff";
await Task.Delay(1000 * 4);
//将lable的内容改为原来的内容
lblStatus.Content = "Not Doing Anything";
//将按钮设置为可用
btnDoStuff.IsEnabled = true;
}
}
}
将btnDoStuff_Click方法改为一个异步方法,异步方法内部使用await Task.Delay(1000 * 4);
,即将遇到await的时候,程序会返回到调用方法,处理程序将从处理器上摘下,禁用按钮、改变文本将被处理;当4秒之后,处理程序将自己再压入队列,再将之后的改变文本、启用按钮压入列队,当处理程序退出后,这两个子消息也将被执行,但在休息的4秒期间,是可以手动窗体的
Task.Yield
Task.Yield方法可以创建一个立即返回的awaitable。等等一个Yield可以让异步方法在执行后续部分的同时返回到调用方法。可以将其理解成离开当前的消息队列,回到队列末尾,让处理器有时间处理其他任务。
示例:
using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading;
namespace CodeForAsync
{
static class DoStuff
{
public static async Task<int> FindSeriesSum(int x)
{
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 1; i < x; i++)
{
sum += i;
Console.WriteLine("Yield"+i);
if (i % 10 == 0)
await Task.Yield();
}
return sum;
}
}
class Program
{
private static void CountBig(int p)
{
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++)
Console.WriteLine("CountBig"+i);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Task<int> value = DoStuff.FindSeriesSum(1000);
CountBig(1000);
CountBig(1000);
CountBig(1000);
CountBig(1000);
Console.WriteLine("Sum:{0}",value.Result);
Console.ReadKey();
}
}
}
当程序遇到await Task.Yield();
时,会将当前的执行权转让出来,之后的CountBig(1000);
便可以提前得到执行
使用异步Lambda表达式
语法示例:
btn.Click += async (sender, e) => {//处理工作};
完整代码示例:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
namespace WpfForAsync
{
/// <summary>
/// MainWindow.xaml 的交互逻辑
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();
this.btnDoStuff.Click += async (sender, e) =>
{
btnDoStuff.IsEnabled = false;
lblStatus.Content = "Hello";
await Task.Delay(4000);
btnDoStuff.IsEnabled = true;
lblStatus.Content = "World";
};
}
}
}
一个完整的GUI示例,请自行尝试
<Window x:Class="WpfForAsync.MainWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006"
xmlns:local="clr-namespace:WpfForAsync"
mc:Ignorable="d"
Title="MainWindow" Height="151.4" Width="323.2" Loaded="Window_Loaded">
<StackPanel>
<Button Name="btnProcess" Width="100" Click="btnProcess_Click">Process</Button>
<Button Name="btnCancel" Width="100" Click="progressBar_Click" >Cancel</Button>
<ProgressBar Name="progressBar" Height="20" Width="200" Margin="10" HorizontalAlignment="Right"></ProgressBar>
</StackPanel>
</Window>
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace WpfForAsync
{
/// <summary>
/// MainWindow.xaml 的交互逻辑
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
CancellationTokenSource _cancellationTokenSource;
CancellationToken _cancellationToken;
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
private void Window_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
}
private async void btnProcess_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
btnProcess.IsEnabled = false;
_cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
_cancellationToken = _cancellationTokenSource.Token;
int completedPercent = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
if (_cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
break;
try
{
await Task.Delay(500,_cancellationToken);
completedPercent = (i+1) * 10;
}
catch (TaskCanceledException ex)
{
completedPercent = i * 10;
}
progressBar.Value = completedPercent;
}
string message = _cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested ? string.Format("Process was cancelled at {0}%",completedPercent) : "Process completed normally";
MessageBox.Show(message,"Completion Status");
progressBar.Value = 0;
btnProcess.IsEnabled = true;
btnCancel.IsEnabled = true;
}
private void progressBar_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (!btnProcess.IsEnabled)
{
btnCancel.IsEnabled = false;
_cancellationTokenSource.Cancel();
}
}
}
}
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