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Python 异步IO

Python 异步IO

作者: _YZG_ | 来源:发表于2018-01-11 17:41 被阅读42次

    一、协程

    def consumer():
        r = ''
        while True:
            n = yield r
            if not n:
                return
            print('[CONSUMER] Consuming %s...' % n)
            r = '200 OK'
    
    def produce(c):
        c.send(None)
        n = 0
        while n < 5:
            n = n + 1
            print('[PRODUCER] Producing %s...' % n)
            r = c.send(n)
            print('[PRODUCER] Consumer return: %s' % r)
        c.close()
    
    c = consumer()
    produce(c)
    

    执行结果

    [PRODUCER] Producing 1...
    [CONSUMER] Consuming 1...
    [PRODUCER] Consumer return: 200 OK
    [PRODUCER] Producing 2...
    [CONSUMER] Consuming 2...
    [PRODUCER] Consumer return: 200 OK
    [PRODUCER] Producing 3...
    [CONSUMER] Consuming 3...
    [PRODUCER] Consumer return: 200 OK
    [PRODUCER] Producing 4...
    [CONSUMER] Consuming 4...
    [PRODUCER] Consumer return: 200 OK
    [PRODUCER] Producing 5...
    [CONSUMER] Consuming 5...
    [PRODUCER] Consumer return: 200 OK
    

    注意到consumer函数是一个generator,把一个consumer传入produce后:

    首先调用c.send(None)启动生成器;

    然后,一旦生产了东西,通过c.send(n)切换到consumer执行;

    consumer通过yield拿到消息,处理,又通过yield把结果传回;

    produce拿到consumer处理的结果,继续生产下一条消息;

    produce决定不生产了,通过c.close()关闭consumer,整个过程结束。

    整个流程无锁,由一个线程执行,produceconsumer协作完成任务,所以称为“协程”,而非线程的抢占式多任务

    二、asyncio

    asyncio是Python 3.4版本引入的标准库,直接内置了对异步IO的支持

    asyncio的编程模型就是一个消息循环。我们从asyncio模块中直接获取一个EventLoop的引用,然后把需要执行的协程扔到EventLoop中执行,就实现了异步IO

    异步操作需要在coroutine中通过yield from完成

    import asyncio
    
    @asyncio.coroutine
    def wget(host):
        print('wget %s...' % host)
        connect = asyncio.open_connection(host, 80)
        reader, writer = yield from connect
        header = 'GET / HTTP/1.0\r\nHost: %s\r\n\r\n' % host
        writer.write(header.encode('utf-8'))
        yield from writer.drain()
        while True:
            line = yield from reader.readline()
            if line == b'\r\n':
                break
            print('%s header > %s' % (host, line.decode('utf-8').rstrip()))
        # Ignore the body, close the socket
        writer.close()
    
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    tasks = [wget(host) for host in ['www.sina.com.cn', 'www.sohu.com', 'www.163.com']]
    loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))
    loop.close()
    

    执行结果

    wget www.sohu.com...
    wget www.sina.com.cn...
    wget www.163.com...
    (等待一段时间)
    (打印出sohu的header)
    www.sohu.com header > HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    www.sohu.com header > Content-Type: text/html
    ...
    (打印出sina的header)
    www.sina.com.cn header > HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    www.sina.com.cn header > Date: Wed, 20 May 2015 04:56:33 GMT
    ...
    (打印出163的header)
    www.163.com header > HTTP/1.0 302 Moved Temporarily
    www.163.com header > Server: Cdn Cache Server V2.0
    ...
    

    可见3个连接由一个线程通过coroutine并发完成

    三、async/await

    Python从3.5版本开始为asyncio提供了asyncawait的新语法;

    注意新语法只能用在Python 3.5以及后续版本,如果使用3.4版本,则使用asyncio

    asyncio提供的@asyncio.coroutine可以把一个generator标记为coroutine类型,然后在coroutine内部用yield from调用另一个coroutine实现异步操作。

    为了简化并更好地标识异步IO,从Python 3.5开始引入了新的语法asyncawait,可以让coroutine的代码更简洁易读。

    请注意,asyncawait是针对coroutine的新语法,要使用新的语法,只需要做两步简单的替换:

    @asyncio.coroutine替换为async
    yield from替换为await
    让我们对比一下上一节的代码:

    @asyncio.coroutine
    def hello():
        print("Hello world!")
        r = yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
        print("Hello again!")
    

    用新语法重新编写如下

    async def hello():
        print("Hello world!")
        r = await asyncio.sleep(1)
        print("Hello again!")
    

    四、aiohttp

    asyncio实现了TCP、UDP、SSL等协议,aiohttp则是基于asyncio实现的HTTP框架。

    #!/usr/bin/env python3
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    
    import asyncio
    
    from aiohttp import web
    
    async def index(request):
        await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
        return web.Response(body=b'<h1>Index</h1>')
    
    async def hello(request):
        await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
        text = '<h1>hello, %s!</h1>' % request.match_info['name']
        return web.Response(body=text.encode('utf-8'))
    
    async def init(loop):
        app = web.Application(loop=loop)
        app.router.add_route('GET', '/', index)
        app.router.add_route('GET', '/hello/{name}', hello)
        srv = await loop.create_server(app.make_handler(), '127.0.0.1', 8000)
        print('Server started at http://127.0.0.1:8000...')
        return srv
    
    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
    loop.run_until_complete(init(loop))
    loop.run_forever()
    
    

    注意aiohttp的初始化函数init()也是一个coroutine,loop.create_server()则利用asyncio创建TCP服务。

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