中美Ginseng之间的差异
ginseng
UK [ˈdʒɪnseŋ]
US [ˈdʒɪnseŋ]
n.
西洋参
人参酒 ginseng liquor
西洋参:中美早期贸易中的重要货品
ginseng这个词来自汉语的“人参”。The word 'ginseng' comes from the Chinese word 'ren-shen'.
人参是滋补身体的名药。Ginseng is well known for its tonic effect.
东北三宝,人参、貂皮、乌拉草。There are three precious things in Northeast china, i.e.ginseng, marten, and Wula sedge.
目的:研究人参皂苷的提取工艺。Objective: to study the extraction process of ginsenoside.
科学家从人参中提取不同的成分,来治疗人类的免疫细胞。The scientists treated human immune cells with different extracts of ginseng.
用中草药及人参经提炼生产而成,激活并提高免疫力。Refined with herbs and ginseng production from activated and improve immunity.
人参可以增进体力和提高精神敏捷性。Ginseng was reported to have increased energy and mental alertness.
人参以其滋补功效而广为人知。Ginseng is generally known for its tonic properties. roots of Panax ginseng.
人参皂苷(Ginsenoside)是一种固醇类化合物,又称三萜皂苷。主要存在于人参属药材中。2019年第22届全国临床肿瘤学大会,专家及研究人员公布了抗肿瘤血管生成治疗的最近进展。以《人参皂苷Rg3药物抗肿瘤血管生成》为报告专题,报告中明确了人参皂苷Rg3通过抑制血管内皮细胞增殖、迁移,抑制VEGF活性及其信号的传导途径,抑制血管外基质降解等抑制肿瘤血管生成的作用机理。
哈医大附属肿瘤医院张清媛教授探索出一种“用化疗药长春瑞滨与人参皂苷Rg3低剂量持续用药方式开辟乳腺癌治疗新路”具有高效、低毒、不易耐药的优点。在意大利米兰乳腺癌国际会议上,该研究获得与会专家一致认同。此用药方式已成功救治百余例乳腺癌患者,对于晚期乳腺肿瘤患者的疗效可提高20%以上。
西洋参,原产于北美,又名花旗参,是与人参同等的高级补益珍品。我国药用西洋参已有250余年历史,以往完全依赖进口。80年代中期北京怀柔县大面积农田引种西洋参试验成功,中华大地出产的西洋参,有希望逐步代替进口花旗参而广泛应用于临床与大众保健。
西洋参,顾名思义“西洋”来的“参”,原产于美国北部和加拿大南部的森林区,在植物分类学上与人参同科(五加科)、同属(人参属)、不同种,功效也相似,可谓称得上“兄弟”。根据《中国药典》2015年版,人参和西洋参均为植物的干燥根,两者的来源与功效分别如下:
西洋参的故乡在北美洲,人参的故乡在亚洲(中国、朝鲜为主产区),两者不仅来源相似,长得相似,而且生长环境、生长纬度也相似。那么,远在西方的西洋参是何时被传到中国?如何被传到中国的呢?从历史发展来看,西洋参传入国门与其“兄弟”人参息息相关,让我们一起来回顾这段历史。
西洋参的引进历程
人参最早记载见于《神农本草经》,此后一千年间,虽也充当药用,但其地位相当于进贡及送礼的土特产。直到明代晚期,《本草纲目》对人参重新记载——治男女一切虚症,人参“百草之王”的地位才逐渐显露出来。到了清期,国人对人参的狂热有增无减,每年更是有数万人到吉林长白山采挖人参。为了制止这股滥采之风,康熙三十八年(1699年),朝廷严禁私采人参,实行发放“参票”采参,也就是说,采挖人参,必须有官方发行的“参票”才合法。但是野生人参的产量一年比一年少,到了清朝末期,已成为珍稀品种。在野生人参供应出现紧缺的时候,国人希望寻求人参的替代品,西洋参开始上场。
1708年,法国耶稣会传教士杜德美(P.Jartoux)受清朝皇帝康熙之命绘制中国地图,去东北考察期间,见到当地人采集新鲜人参,便依照人参原样画图。1711年4月,杜德美给负责中国教区的教会会长写了一封信,并附上绘制的人参图,详细论述了其药用价值、形态外观、生长习性、产地信息、采集方法等,同时推测在地理相似的地方,也有可能发现人参。
法国传教士绘制的第一张西洋参图片
1716年,在加拿大魁北克传教的法国耶稣会传教士拉菲托(Joseph Francois Lafitau)读了杜德美的文章,发现当地的一种草药与人参非常相似,经法国巴黎植物学家鉴定,该草药与人参同属五加科,后来被命名为西洋参。拉菲托向法国政府报告了西洋参的发现后,北美各地的法国商人开始在加拿大大量收购西洋参,再卖到中国。1718年,一家法国皮货公司第一次把西洋参出口到中国广州。从此,打开了西洋参在中国的输送历程。
但是随着西洋参被毫无节制的滥采乱挖,野生西洋参已经不能满足中国的需求。1885年,一位名叫乔治·斯坦顿的人成功在纽约州种植西洋参。到19世纪末,进口野生西洋参的供应基本已经停止,主要转为供应栽培种植的西洋参。目前,仅美国尚存少量野生西洋参。
洋参的栽培状况
西洋参原产于加拿大的魁北克地区和美国的威斯康辛州,但是经过长时间的采挖,野生西洋参存量非常稀少。因此,早在19世纪末,加拿大和美国就开始人工种植西洋参,栽培区域主要在北纬35度到北纬50度之间,也就是加拿大南部和美国北部的森林区。
中国首次栽培西洋参可以追溯到1948年,庐山植物园从加拿大引进西洋参作为标志,并在80年代初期取得成功,随后在吉林、辽宁、黑龙江、北京、山东、河北等地大面积推广。经过三十多年的发展,我国在西洋参栽培技术、病虫害防治、种源基地建设等已经可以与美国、加拿大的媲美。目前,加拿大、中国、美国已成为世界上三大西洋参产国。
国内市面上流通的西洋参从产地上分为两大类:第一大类是进口西洋参,产于加拿大或美国,栽培为主,野生稀少;第二类是国产西洋参,主产于东北、山东,均为栽培。
刚才我们是从产地区分西洋参,现在从形状上进行分类,西洋参可以分为四大类:丛、粒、枝、节。另外,还可以根据重量进行分类,分为1g、2g、3g、5g、7g、10g等。
另外,这里需要提醒消费者一点,市面上流通的西洋参绝大部分均为栽培西洋参,野生西洋参非常罕见(目前,仅美国有野生西洋参),价格也异常昂贵,因此,有不法商家为了牟取暴利会拿种植西洋参冒充野生西洋参,消费者切不可盲目崇拜而上当受骗。
文登西洋参,山东省威海市文登区特产,文登区是中国最早引进西洋参种植的三大主产区之一。药用价值增强中枢神经系统功能,保护心血管系统,提高免疫力,促进血液活力,补肺降火、养胃生津的保健作用。
2018年,文登被中国副食流通协会授予“中国西洋参之都”称号,并正式在北京授牌。从上世纪80年代初用8粒种子引种西洋参并成为全国首个试种成功的地区,到如今成长为种植总面积5.5万亩的全国最大的西洋参主产区,成为“中国西洋参之都”,种植面积达5.5万亩,年出圃西洋参面积1.5万亩,占全国总产量的60%多,带动3000多户参农、数万从业农民增收,西洋参产业成为文登乡村产业振兴的缩影。
西洋参由于受其土壤、气候、环境决定因素的影响,以北美美国威斯康辛州中部产的花旗参质量为最好,美国威州边部及加拿大多伦多产的西洋参次之,美国及加拿大其它州产的又次之,中国引种的西洋参已不再具有西洋参的临床药用疗效.不同产地的西洋参差异是比较大的。市场上西洋参品种繁多,进口西洋参口感好、香气足、苦中带甘醇,功效也最好。国内口碑较好的两大品牌是同仁堂和福临门,这两个品牌的西洋参都是产自于美国威斯康辛州进口(正花旗),味道浓郁,如果是要送礼的,选同仁堂比较合适;如果是自己家人要用的,选择福临门燕窝比较实惠。
marathon
UK [ˈmærəθən]
US [ˈmærəθɑːn]
n.
马拉松赛跑
Marathon county
county
UK [ˈkaʊnti]
US [ˈkaʊnti]
n.
(英国、爱尔兰的)郡;(美国的)县
The state of Wisconsin is the capital of American ginseng.
https://www.wisconline.com/counties/marathon/
county sheriff
UK [ˈkaʊnti ˈʃerɪf]
US [ˈkaʊnti ˈʃerɪf]
县警长
sheriff
UK [ˈʃerɪf]
US [ˈʃerɪf]
n.
县治安官,城镇治安官(美国民选地方官员)
N-COUNT; N-TITLE (美国由选举产生的)县治安官
In the United States, a sheriff is a person who is elected to make sure that the law is obeyed in a particular county.
...the local sheriff. 当地的县治安官
http://www.schumacherginseng.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=ABUS
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/kindle/2018-03/28/content_35933133.htm
Ginseng farmers in Wisconsin fret over tariff threat
By Aaron Hagstrom in New York | China Daily USA | Updated: 2018-03-28 11:11
Wisconsin's ginseng growers are apprehensive about their product showing up on a list of targets should China retaliate against US tariffs.
US President Donald Trump, after imposing tariffs on imported steel (25 percent) and aluminum (10 percent) on March 8, signed a memorandum last Thursday that would impose tariffs on up to $60 billion of imported Chinese goods.
In response, China's Ministry of Commerce on Friday released a list of 128 US goods that it would impose duties on, barring an agreement between the two countries. That would potentially include a 15 percent duty on ginseng.
"I don't see the benefit in tariffs. We are just a little industry here that would get roped into the whole thing," said Jim Schumacher, 47, a ginseng farmer. "Any time you add a 15 percent duty or tariff, that is definitely concerning - even if you have the highest-quality ginseng. You aren't price-competitive then."
The Schumacher family's 60-year-old company - Schumacher Ginseng LLC - is in Marathon County, Wisconsin, where the majority of the state's ginseng is grown.
The company produces American ginseng - known by the scientific name Panax quinquefolius - and distributes it as roots, tea, capsules and other products at home and abroad.
China is the most important market for Wisconsin ginseng - in 2017, more than 85 percent of the state's yield was exported to China or brought into China as gifts, according to the Ginseng Board of Wisconsin, a nonprofit organization representing all Wisconsin ginseng growers.
The exports to China are worth $30 million a year to Wisconsin's growers. There are approximately 180 ginseng farmers in Wisconsin, and the state's American ginseng is considered the highest quality in the world, according to the board.
The ginseng board also is concerned that China might find other markets.
"This (15 percent) duty could be detrimental to our industry, as many Chinese distributors have expressed concern that they may have to shift purchases to Canadian ginseng," the board said in a statement.
Canada is the largest producer of American ginseng in the world. The majority of production is in Ontario and in British Columbia.
Board President Robert Kaldunski, 56, who said he has grown ginseng for 36 years, was in China last week meeting with new potential distributors when news broke of China's retaliatory measures.
He said a consultant for the group told him Chinese consumers were talking about cutting back on or not purchasing Wisconsin ginseng because they felt their country was being punished by US tariffs.
"We would lose well beyond 15 percent (in revenue) because the marketplace would be quieter. We don't have margins that can absorb that kind of loss."
He said the board is pushing US representatives from the state -including House Speaker Paul Ryan and Senator Ron Johnson, as well as state representatives, to negotiate.
Joe Heyl, 47, who owns Heyl Ginseng, said he exports the majority of his ginseng - 100,000 pounds - to the Chinese mainland annually, shipments worth about $4 million, in addition to selling 25,000 to 50,000 pounds domestically. He also exports to Taiwan, Singapore and Japan.
Heyl said he agrees with Trump's goal to reduce the US trade deficit with China, saying that the Chinese charge a 30 percent tax on ginseng imports, while the US allows Chinese ginseng into the US free.
Heyl said he agrees with fair trade "on a controlled level. I think we should negotiate and say to the Chinese, 'You're charging us 30 percent for our product coming in, we're charging you nothing. Do you really think it's fair to put more tax on us?'"
Schumacher believes China will not levy the tariffs, and that the two sides will negotiate a deal.
"You can look at what happened in Europe. The US negotiated with them (on steel and aluminum), and the US Treasury Secretary (Steven Mnuchin) is in negotiations with China already," he said.
On Sunday, Mnuchin said on Fox News he was hopeful that the US and China could avert a trade war.
In a statement Monday, the ginseng board said it was "hopeful that the US and Chinese governments can come to an agreement that will eliminate the proposed duty or lessen the impact on the Wisconsin ginseng industry".
Schumacher said his company sells about 70 percent of its ginseng domestically. About 95 percent of the company's customers are Chinese-Americans, who commonly bring ginseng as gifts to the Chinese mainland. The company also ships to China as well as Taiwan, Hong Kong and Canada.
The US produces 900,000 to 1 million pounds per year, according to Kaldunski. Canada's output is four or five times that amount, and China produces well above 5 million pounds, he said.
重点词汇
Why should you fret over such trifles?
何必为这些小事烦恼? Do not fret over trifles.
别为小事而烦恼。
People are still terribly apprehensive about the future.
人们对于将来仍然非常担心。
She was apprehensive about her son's safety.
她很担心儿子的安全。
Chinese goods
consumer goods
UK [kənˈsjuːmə ɡʊdz]
US [kənˈsuːmər ɡʊdz]
n.
消费品
I will not be roped into this scheme.
我不会参与你的计划的。
be detrimental to
UK [bi ˌdetrɪˈmentl tu]
US [bi ˌdetrɪˈmentl tu]
有害于;对…不利
retaliatory measures
UK [rɪˈtæliətri ˈmeʒəz]
US [rɪˈtæliətɔːri ˈmeʒərz]
报复性措施
trade deficit
UK [ˈtreɪd defɪsɪt]
US [ˈtreɪd defɪsɪt]
n.
外贸逆差;贸易赤字
secretariat
UK [ˌsekrəˈteəriət]
US [ˌsekrəˈteriət]
n.
(大型国际组织、政治组织的)秘书处,书记处
复数:secretariats ...the UN secretariat.
联合国秘书处 The United Nations Secretary-General SEC
要说去北美地区逛一圈,回国送礼的必备礼品是什么,花旗参肯定是要有姓名的。不少在美或加拿大的华人回国都会选择带一两盒花旗参。
但是花旗参可以带上飞机或托运回国吗?
华人回国带花旗参被查获,
物品全被没收
2019年4月17日,成都海关通报,成都海关所属双流机场海关关员15日在监管美国纽约至成都的航班时,在两名中国籍旅客行李物品中查获疑似濒危植物西洋参制品5袋(盒),共计约1.05千克。
对此,成都海关提醒广大出入境旅客:根据《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》相关规定,除持有允许进出口的证明书外,任何用于贸易方式或者携带、邮寄西洋参等濒危物种及其制品进出境的行为均属违法,将被追究法律责任。
肯定有小伙伴问了,新鲜的花旗参我知道,可是为什么干的也不行呢?其实,不是不能带,想带是有条件的~
海关总署表示“花旗参粉末、片剂、提取物、滋补品、茶饮、糕点等制成品或衍生物虽然属于豁免范围,人参除了可以分为新鲜的和不新鲜的,还能分为濒危的和不濒危的、加工的和未加工的、还有各种不同的种类.......具体来说,濒危物种的花旗参/西洋参,也就是野生的花旗参/西洋参,是严禁携带入境的。
粉末、片剂、提取物、滋补品、茶饮、糕点等制成品或衍生物虽然属于豁免范围,但需要凭国家濒管办出具的证明验放。
提醒一句,大家邮寄或携带回国之前,最好还是咨询中国濒危物种进出口管理办公室进行了解~~而且,最终定论请以通关现场为准。
《关于禁止携带、邮寄进境的动植物及其产品和其他检疫物名录》,美国、加拿大出产的西洋参被列入禁止携带和邮寄进入中国国境的"植物及植物产品类"。
所以即日起不管是入境,还是邮寄,各类花旗参、海参、燕窝(罐头装燕窝除外),甚至干货都不能进入中国,但不包括粉末或制造成品(例如花旗参茶,胶囊剂,提取物,糖果)。
需要注意的是,花旗参、海参等产品不但严禁携带入境中国,就算是快递寄回中国也属违法。
《濒危动植物种国际贸易公约》(英文简称CITES),常见的出入境携带可能涉及违法的动植物及其制品主要有象牙、犀角、干海马、穿山甲片、虎豹狼皮张或骨、大凤螺、海龟标本、鳄鱼、蟒和巨蜥皮制品、玳瑁制品、沉香木片或粉,也包括熊胆、麝香、石斛、贝母、肉苁蓉、西洋参等中药材。
扩展资料
CITES
华盛顿公约
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
cites
UK [saɪts]
US [saɪts]
v.
提及(原因);举出(示例);列举;引用;引述;援引;传唤;传讯
cite的第三人称单数
https://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php
https://wk.baidu.com/view/a1436fb10875f46527d3240c844769eae109a362
https://wk.baidu.com/view/5f46bc06302b3169a45177232f60ddccda38e6bb?fr=wap_view_recommand-1001_1-4-wk_rec_doc2-1001_1--5798989989&sxts=1600689966128
中华人民共和国禁止携带、邮寄进境的动植物及其产品名录【1】
一、动物及动物产品类
一)活动物(犬、猫除外),包括所有的哺乳动物、鸟类、鱼类、两栖类、爬行类、昆虫类和其他无脊椎动物,动物遗传物质。
二)(生或熟)肉类(含脏器类)及其制品;水生动物产品。
三) 动物源性奶及奶制品,包括生奶、鲜奶、酸奶,动物源性的奶油、黄油、奶酪等奶类产品。
四)蛋及其制品,包括鲜蛋、皮蛋、咸蛋、蛋液、蛋壳、蛋黄酱等蛋源产品。
五)燕窝(罐头装燕窝除外)。
六)油脂类,皮张、毛类,蹄、骨、角类及其制品。
七)动物源性饲料(含肉粉、骨粉、鱼粉、乳清粉、血粉等单一饲料)、动物源性中药材、动物源性肥料。
二、植物及植物产品类
八)新鲜水果、蔬菜。
九)烟叶(不含烟丝)。
十)种子(苗)、苗木及其他具有繁殖能力的植物材料。
十一)有机栽培介质。
三.其他类
十二)菌种、毒种等动植物病原体,害虫及其他有害生物,细胞、器官组织、血液及其制品等生物材料。
十三)动物尸体、动物标本、动物源性废弃物。
十四)土壤
十五)转基因生物材料。
十六)国家禁止进境的其他动植物、动植物产品和其他检疫物。
注
1、通过携带或邮寄方式进境的动植物及其产品和其他检疫物,经国家有关行政主管部门审批许可,并具有输出国家或地区官方机构出具的检疫证书,不受此名录的限制。
2、具有输出国家或地区官方机构出具的动物检疫证书和疫苗接种证书的犬、猫等宠物,每人仅限一只。
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