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JavaScript代码规范

JavaScript代码规范

作者: 带三本书 | 来源:发表于2017-01-11 17:44 被阅读48次

    JavaScript规范

    <a name='TOC'>内容列表</a>

    1. 类型
    2. 对象
    3. 数组
    4. 字符串
    5. 函数
    6. 属性
    7. 变量
    8. 条件表达式和逻辑表达式
    9. 注释
    10. 空白
    11. 逗号
    12. 分号
    13. 类型转换
    14. 命名约定
    15. 存取器
    16. 构造器
    17. 模块
    18. jQuery
    19. 性能

    <a name='types'>类型</a>

    • 原始值: (传值)

      • string
      • number
      • boolean
      • null
      • undefined
      var num = 1,
          bar = foo;
      
      bar = 9;
      
      console.log(num, bar); // => 1, 9
      
    • 复合类型: (传引用)

      • object
      • array
      • function
      var foo = [1, 2],
          bar = foo;
      
      bar[0] = 9;
      
      console.log(foo[0], bar[0]); // => 9, 9
      

    <a name='objects'>对象</a>

    • 使用字面值创建对象

      // bad
      var item = new Object();
      
      // good
      var item = {};
      
    • 不要使用保留字( reserved words) 作为键

      // bad
      var example = {
        class: 'superhero',
        default: { clark: 'kent' },
        private: true
      };
      
      // good
      var example = {
        klass: 'superhero',
        defaults: { clark: 'kent' },
        hidden: true
      };
      

    <a name='arrays'>数组</a>

    • 使用字面值创建数组

      // bad
      var items = new Array();
      
      // good
      var items = [];
      
    • 末尾赋值使用push

      var someStack = [];
      
      
      // bad
      someStack[someStack.length] = 'abracadabra';
      
      // good
      someStack.push('abracadabra');
      
    • 数组拷贝使用slice.

      var len = items.length,
          itemsCopy = [],
          i;
      
      // bad
      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        itemsCopy[i] = items[i];
      }
      
      // good
      itemsCopy = items.slice();
      
    • 使用slice将类数组对象转成数组.

      function trigger() {
        var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
        ...
      }
      

    <a name='strings'>字符串</a>

    • 对字符串使用单引号 ''

      // bad
      var name = "Bob Parr";
      
      // good
      var name = 'Bob Parr';
      
      // bad
      var fullName = "Bob " + this.lastName;
      
      // good
      var fullName = 'Bob ' + this.lastName;
      
    • 超过80个字符的字符串应该使用字符串连接换行

      // bad
      var errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do with this, you would get nowhere fast.';
      // bad
      var errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that \
      was thrown because of Batman. \
      When you stop to think about \
      how Batman had anything to do \
      with this, you would get nowhere \
      fast.';
      // good
      var errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that ' +
        'was thrown because of Batman.' +
        'When you stop to think about ' +
        'how Batman had anything to do ' +
        'with this, you would get nowhere ' +
        'fast.';
      
    • 编程时使用join而不是字符串连接来构建字符串,特别是IE

      var items, messages,length,i;
      
      messages = [{
          state: 'success',
          message: 'This one worked.'
      },{
          state: 'success',
          message: 'This one worked as well.'
      },{
          state: 'error',
          message: 'This one did not work.'
      }];
      
      length = messages.length;
      
      // bad
      function inbox(messages) {
        items = '<ul>';
      
        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          items += '<li>' + messages[i].message + '</li>';
        }
      
        return items + '</ul>';
      }
      
      // good
      function inbox(messages) {
        items = [];
      
        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
          items[i] = messages[i].message;
        }
      
        return '<ul><li>' + items.join('</li><li>') + '</li></ul>';
      }
      

    <a name='functions'>函数</a>

    • 函数表达式:

      // 匿名函数表达式
      var anonymous = function() {
        return true;
      };
      
      // 有名函数表达式
      var named = function named() {
        return true;
      };
      
      // 立即调用函数表达式
      (function() {
        console.log('Welcome to the Internet. Please follow me.');
      })();
      
    • 在非函数块内声明函数,将函数赋给变量。

      // bad
      if (currentUser) {
        function test() {
          console.log('Nope.');
        }
      }
      
      // good
      if (currentUser) {
        var test = function test() {
          console.log('Yup.');
        };
      }
      

    <a name='properties'>属性</a>

    • 当使用变量访问属性时使用中括号.

      var luke = {
        jedi: true,
        age: 28
      };
      
      function getProp(prop) {
        return luke[prop];
      }
      
      var isJedi = getProp('jedi');
      

    <a name='variables'>变量</a>

    • 总是使用 var 来声明变量,如果不这么做将导致产生全局变量,我们要避免污染全局命名空间。

      // bad
      foo = new Foo();
      
      // good
      var foo = new Foo();
      
    • 使用一个 var 以及新行声明多个变量,缩进4个空格。

      // bad
      var items = getItems();
      var goSportsTeam = true;
      var dragonball = 'z';
      
      // good
      var items = getItems(),
          goSportsTeam = true,
          dragonball = 'z';
      
    • 最后再声明未赋值的变量,当你想引用之前已赋值变量的时候很有用。

      // bad
      var i, len, dragonball,
          items = getItems(),
          goSportsTeam = true;
      
      // bad
      var i, items = getItems(),
          dragonball,
          goSportsTeam = true,
          len;
      
      // good
      var items = getItems(),
          goSportsTeam = true,
          dragonball,
          length,
          i;
      
    • 在作用域顶部声明变量,避免变量声明和赋值引起的相关问题。

      // bad
      function() {
        test();
        console.log('doing stuff..');
      
        //..other stuff..
      
        var name = getName();
      
        if (name === 'test') {
          return false;
        }
      
        return name;
      }
      
      // good
      function() {
        var name = getName();
      
        test();
        console.log('doing stuff..');
      
        //..other stuff..
      
        if (name === 'test') {
          return false;
        }
      
        return name;
      }
      
      // bad
      function() {
        var name = getName();
      
        if (!arguments.length) {
          return false;
        }
      
        return true;
      }
      
      // good
      function() {
        if (!arguments.length) {
          return false;
        }
      
        var name = getName();
      
        return true;
      }
      

    <a name='conditionals'>条件表达式和逻辑表达式</a>

    • 适当使用 ===!====!=&&||

    • 条件表达式的强制类型转换遵循以下规则:

      • 对象被计算为 true
      • Undefined被计算为 false
      • Null 被计算为 false
      • 布尔值 被计算为 布尔的值
      • 数字 如果是 +0, -0, or NaN 被计算为 false , 否则为 true
      • 字符串 如果是空字符串 '' 则被计算为 false, 否则为 true
      if ([0]) {
        // true
        // An array is an object, objects evaluate to true
      }
      
    • 当出现以下情形时进行简化

      
      // bad
      var foo,a=32;
         if(a>30){
          foo = true;
      }else{
          foo = false;
      

    }

    // good
    var a=32,foo = a>32;
    
    // bad 
    if(boolean){
        express();      
    }
    
    // good
    boolean && express();  
    
    // bad
    if (name !== '') {
      // ...stuff...
    }
    
    // good
    if (name) {
      // ...stuff...
    }
    
    // bad
    if (collection.length > 0) {
      // ...stuff...
    }
    
    // good
    if (collection.length) {
      // ...stuff...
    }
    ```
    

    <a name='blocks'>块</a>

    • 给所有多行的块使用大括号

      // bad
      if (test)
        return false;
      
      // good
      if (test) return false;
      
      // good
      if (test) {
        return false;
      }
      
      // bad
      function() { return false; }
      
      // good
      function() {
        return false;
      }
      

    <a name='comments'>注释</a>

    • 使用 /** ... **/ 进行多行注释,包括描述,指定类型以及参数值和返回值

      // bad
      // make() returns a new element
      // based on the passed in tag name
      //
      // @param <String> tag
      // @return <Element> element
      function make(tag) {
      
        // ...stuff...
      
        return element;
      }
      
      // good
      /**
       * make() returns a new element
       * based on the passed in tag name
       *
       * @param <String> tag
       * @return <Element> element
       **/
      function make(tag) {
      
        // ...stuff...
      
        return element;
      }
      
    • 使用 // 进行单行注释,在评论对象的上面进行单行注释,注释前放一个空行.

      // bad
      var active = true;  // is current tab
      
      // good
      // is current tab
      var active = true;
      
      // bad
      function getType() {
        console.log('fetching type...');
        // set the default type to 'no type'
        var type = this._type || 'no type';
      
        return type;
      }
      
      // good
      function getType() {
        console.log('fetching type...');
      
        // set the default type to 'no type'
        var type = this._type || 'no type';
      
        return type;
      }
      
    • 如果有一个问题需要修正或者功能有待编写,使用 FIXMETODO 标注以帮助其他人理解

      function Calculator() {
      
        // FIXME: shouldn't use a global here
        total = 0;
      
        return this;
      }
      
      function Calculator() {
      
        // TODO: total should be configurable by an options param
        this.total = 0;
      
        return this;
      }
      
    
    
    
    ## <a name='whitespace'>空白</a>
    
    - 将tab设为4个空格
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      function() {
      ∙∙var name;
      }
    
      // bad
      function() {
      ∙var name;
      }
    
      // good
      function() {
      ∙∙∙∙var name;
      }
      ```
    - 大括号前放一个空格
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      function test(){
        console.log('test');
      }
    
      // good
      function test() {
        console.log('test');
      }
    
      // bad
      dog.set('attr',{
        age: '1 year',
        breed: 'Bernese Mountain Dog'
      });
    
      // good
      dog.set('attr', {
        age: '1 year',
        breed: 'Bernese Mountain Dog'
      });
      ```
    
    - 在做长方法链时使用缩进.
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      $('#items').find('.selected').highlight().end().find('.open').updateCount();
    
      // good
      $('#items')
        .find('.selected')
          .highlight()
          .end()
        .find('.open')
          .updateCount();
    
      // bad
      var leds = stage.selectAll('.led').data(data).enter().append('svg:svg').class('led', true)
          .attr('width',  (radius + margin) * 2).append('svg:g')
          .attr('transform', 'translate(' + (radius + margin) + ',' + (radius + margin) + ')')
          .call(tron.led);
    
      // good
      var leds = stage.selectAll('.led')
          .data(data)
        .enter().append('svg:svg')
          .class('led', true)
          .attr('width',  (radius + margin) * 2)
        .append('svg:g')
          .attr('transform', 'translate(' + (radius + margin) + ',' + (radius + margin) + ')')
          .call(tron.led);
      ```
    
    
    ## <a name='commas'>逗号</a>
    
    - 不要将逗号放前面
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      var once
        , upon
        , aTime;
    
      // good
      var once,
          upon,
          aTime;
    
      // bad
      var hero = {
          firstName: 'Bob'
        , lastName: 'Parr'
        , heroName: 'Mr. Incredible'
        , superPower: 'strength'
      };
    
      // good
      var hero = {
        firstName: 'Bob',
        lastName: 'Parr',
        heroName: 'Mr. Incredible',
        superPower: 'strength'
      };
      ```
    
    - 不要加多余的逗号,这可能会在IE下引起错误,同时如果多一个逗号某些ES3的实现会计算多数组的长度。
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      var hero = {
        firstName: 'Kevin',
        lastName: 'Flynn',
      };
    
      var heroes = [
        'Batman',
        'Superman',
      ];
    
      // good
      var hero = {
        firstName: 'Kevin',
        lastName: 'Flynn'
      };
    
      var heroes = [
        'Batman',
        'Superman'
      ];
      ```
    
    
    
    ## <a name='semicolons'>分号</a>
    
    - 语句结束一定要加分号
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      (function() {
        var name = 'Skywalker'
        return name
      })()
    
      // good
      (function() {
        var name = 'Skywalker';
        return name;
      })();
    
      // good
      ;(function() {
        var name = 'Skywalker';
        return name;
      })();
      ```
    
    
    ## <a name='type-coercion'>类型转换</a>
    
    - 在语句的开始执行类型转换.
    - 字符串:
    
      ```javascript
      //  => this.reviewScore = 9;
    
      // bad
      var totalScore = this.reviewScore + '';
    
      // good
      var totalScore = '' + this.reviewScore;
    
      // bad
      var totalScore = '' + this.reviewScore + ' total score';
    
      // good
      var totalScore = this.reviewScore + ' total score';
      ```
    
    - 对数字使用 `parseInt` 并且总是带上类型转换的基数.
    
      ```javascript
      var inputValue = '4';
    
      // bad
      var val = new Number(inputValue);
    
      // bad
      var val = +inputValue;
    
      // bad
      var val = inputValue >> 0;
    
      // bad
      var val = parseInt(inputValue);
    
      // good
      var val = Number(inputValue);
    
      // good
      var val = parseInt(inputValue, 10);
    
      // good
      /**
       * parseInt was the reason my code was slow.
       * Bitshifting the String to coerce it to a
       * Number made it a lot faster.
       */
      var val = inputValue >> 0;
      ```
    
    - 布尔值:
    
      ```javascript
      var age = 0;
    
      // bad
      var hasAge = new Boolean(age);
    
      // good
      var hasAge = Boolean(age);
    
      // good
      var hasAge = !!age;
      ```
    
    
    ## <a name='naming-conventions'>命名约定</a>
    
    - 避免单个字符名,让你的变量名有描述意义。
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      function q() {
        // ...stuff...
      }
    
      // good
      function query() {
        // ..stuff..
      }
      ```
    
    - 当命名对象、函数和实例时使用驼峰命名规则
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      var OBJEcttsssss = {};
      var this_is_my_object = {};
      var this-is-my-object = {};
      function c() {};
      var u = new user({
        name: 'Bob Parr'
      });
    
      // good
      var thisIsMyObject = {};
      function thisIsMyFunction() {};
      var user = new User({
        name: 'Bob Parr'
      });
      ```
    
    - 当命名构造函数或类时使用驼峰式大写
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      function user(options) {
        this.name = options.name;
      }
    
      var bad = new user({
        name: 'nope'
      });
    
      // good
      function User(options) {
        this.name = options.name;
      }
    
      var good = new User({
        name: 'yup'
      });
      ```
    
    - 命名私有属性时前面加个下划线 `_`
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      this.__firstName__ = 'Panda';
      this.firstName_ = 'Panda';
    
      // good
      this._firstName = 'Panda';
      ```
    
    - 当保存对 `this` 的引用时使用 `_this`.
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      function() {
        var self = this;
        return function() {
          console.log(self);
        };
      }
    
      // bad
      function() {
        var that = this;
        return function() {
          console.log(that);
        };
      }
    
      // good
      function() {
        var _this = this;
        return function() {
          console.log(_this);
        };
      }
      ```
    
    
    
    ## <a name='accessors'>存取器</a>
    
    - 属性的存取器函数不是必需的
    - 如果确实需要使用存取器函数的话使用getVal() 和 setVal('hello')
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      dragon.age();
    
      // good
      dragon.getAge();
    
      // bad
      dragon.age(25);
    
      // good
      dragon.setAge(25);
      ```
    
    - 如果属性是布尔值,使用isVal() 或 hasVal()
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      if (!dragon.age()) {
        return false;
      }
    
      // good
      if (!dragon.hasAge()) {
        return false;
      }
      ```
    
    - 可以创建get()和set()函数,但是要保持一致
    
      ```javascript
      function Jedi(options) {
        options || (options = {});
        var lightsaber = options.lightsaber || 'blue';
        this.set('lightsaber', lightsaber);
      }
    
      Jedi.prototype.set = function(key, val) {
        this[key] = val;
      };
    
      Jedi.prototype.get = function(key) {
        return this[key];
      };
      ```
    
    
    
    ## <a name='constructors'>构造器</a>
    
    - 给对象原型分配方法,而不是用一个新的对象覆盖原型,覆盖原型会使继承出现问题。
    
      ```javascript
      function Jedi() {
        console.log('new jedi');
      }
    
      // bad
      Jedi.prototype = {
        fight: function fight() {
          console.log('fighting');
        },
    
        block: function block() {
          console.log('blocking');
        }
      };
    
      // good
      Jedi.prototype.fight = function fight() {
        console.log('fighting');
      };
    
      Jedi.prototype.block = function block() {
        console.log('blocking');
      };
      ```
    
    - 方法可以返回 `this` 帮助方法可链。
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      Jedi.prototype.jump = function() {
        this.jumping = true;
        return true;
      };
    
      Jedi.prototype.setHeight = function(height) {
        this.height = height;
      };
    
      var luke = new Jedi();
      luke.jump(); // => true
      luke.setHeight(20) // => undefined
    
      // good
      Jedi.prototype.jump = function() {
        this.jumping = true;
        return this;
      };
    
      Jedi.prototype.setHeight = function(height) {
        this.height = height;
        return this;
      };
    
      var luke = new Jedi();
    
      luke.jump()
        .setHeight(20);
      ```
    
    
    - 可以写一个自定义的toString()方法,但是确保它工作正常并且不会有副作用。
    
      ```javascript
      function Jedi(options) {
        options || (options = {});
        this.name = options.name || 'no name';
      }
    
      Jedi.prototype.getName = function getName() {
        return this.name;
      };
    
      Jedi.prototype.toString = function toString() {
        return 'Jedi - ' + this.getName();
      };
      ```
    
    
    ## <a name='modules'>模块</a>
    
    -  项目模块管理使用[*RequireJS*](http://www.baidu.com/link?url=_ipnROeiKNO0H65AOHyVEBGnz5xCq3aAzmPtAAtHGpq)
    
    
    
    ## <a name='jquery'>jQuery</a>
    
    - 项目用jquery版本为1.10.2
    
    - 缓存jQuery查询
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      function setSidebar() {
        $('.sidebar').hide();
    
        // ...stuff...
    
        $('.sidebar').css({
          'background-color': 'pink'
        });
      }
    
      // good
      function setSidebar() {
        var $sidebar = $('.sidebar');
        $sidebar.hide();
    
        // ...stuff...
    
        $sidebar.css({
          'background-color': 'pink'
        });
      }
      ```
    
    - 对DOM查询使用级联的 `$('.sidebar ul')` 或 `$('.sidebar ul')`,[jsPerf](http://jsperf.com/jquery-find-vs-context-sel/16)
    - 对有作用域的jQuery对象查询使用 `find`
    
      ```javascript
      // bad
      $('.sidebar', 'ul').hide();
    
      // bad
      $('.sidebar').find('ul').hide();
    
      // good
      $('.sidebar ul').hide();
    
      // good
      $('.sidebar > ul').hide();
    
      // good (slower)
      $sidebar.find('ul');
    
      // good (faster)
      $($sidebar[0]).find('ul');
      ```
    
    
    
    
    ## <a name='performance'>性能</a>
    
    - [On Layout & Web Performance](http://kellegous.com/j/2013/01/26/layout-performance/)
    - [String vs Array Concat](http://jsperf.com/string-vs-array-concat/2)
    - [Try/Catch Cost In a Loop](http://jsperf.com/try-catch-in-loop-cost)
    - [Bang Function](http://jsperf.com/bang-function)
    - [jQuery Find vs Context, Selector](http://jsperf.com/jquery-find-vs-context-sel/13)
    - [innerHTML vs textContent for script text](http://jsperf.com/innerhtml-vs-textcontent-for-script-text)
    - [Long String Concatenation](http://jsperf.com/ya-string-concat)

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