一、 HTTP状态码
当requests发出请求时,此被请求url所在的服务器会返回一个包含HTTP状态码的信息头用以响应我们的请求。
HTTP状态码通常由3位十进制数组成,根据行为划分,基本可以分为以下5类:
分类 | 描述 |
---|---|
1** |
信息,服务器收到请求,需要请求者继续执行操作 |
2** |
成功,操作被成功接收并处理 |
3** |
重定向,需要进一步的操作以完成请求 |
4** |
客户端错误,请求包含语法错误或无法完成请求 |
5** |
服务器错误,服务器在处理请求的过程中发生了错误 |
一般使用中经常见到的状态码:
- 200 : 请求成功
- 301 : 重定向到其它URL
- 401 :未授权
- 404 - 请求的Url不存在
- 500 - 内部服务器错误,如服务器端代码异常。
关于HTTP状态码更多详细信息,请参见:菜鸟教程-HTTP状态码。
二、获取响应的状态码
在使用requests时,如果需要获取响应状态码,可通过Response
对象的status_code
属性查看。
import requests
if __name__ == '__main__':
r = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
# 打印状态码
print(r.status_code)
代码执行后,将打印出所请求URL的状态码:
状态码
为方便使用,requests库内置了一个状态码查询对象,将大多数状态码封装起来:
status_codes.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
r"""
The ``codes`` object defines a mapping from common names for HTTP statuses
to their numerical codes, accessible either as attributes or as dictionary
items.
>>> requests.codes['temporary_redirect']
307
>>> requests.codes.teapot
418
>>> requests.codes['\o/']
200
Some codes have multiple names, and both upper- and lower-case versions of
the names are allowed. For example, ``codes.ok``, ``codes.OK``, and
``codes.okay`` all correspond to the HTTP status code 200.
"""
from .structures import LookupDict
_codes = {
# Informational.
100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),
# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0
# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),
# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
}
codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')
def _init():
for code, titles in _codes.items():
for title in titles:
setattr(codes, title, code)
if not title.startswith(('\\', '/')):
setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)
def doc(code):
names = ', '.join('``%s``' % n for n in _codes[code])
return '* %d: %s' % (code, names)
global __doc__
__doc__ = (__doc__ + '\n' +
'\n'.join(doc(code) for code in sorted(_codes))
if __doc__ is not None else None)
_init()
该内置的状态码查询对象,将相关状态码数字关联到相关语义化词语,能够增强代码可读性。
import requests
if __name__ == '__main__':
r = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
# 查看请求是否成功
print(r.status_code == requests.codes.ok)
执行:
状态码查询对象
三、抛出状态码异常
如果我们发送了一个错误的请求,比如访问一个返回404的请求:
如果想要通过异常将该状态码抛出,可以使用
Response.raise_for_status()
:
import requests
if __name__ == '__main__':
r = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/status/404")
print(r.status_code)
r.raise_for_status()
执行后可以看到,404异常被抛出。
抛出状态码异常
注意:
image.pngResponse.raise_for_status()
仅对访问不正确产生的状态码会抛出异常,如果访问状态码为200,则不会有任何异常被抛出:
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