这本书原本是教美国的大学生如何写作的。但其实教了很多 critical thinking 的东西,写得很赞,就是略啰嗦。

如果你平时思考或表达意见有这样的问题:
- 只有感受:电影怎么样?很棒啊
- 宽泛的观点:剧情不错
- 个人化的观点:我很喜欢啊
- 发表每个人都能想到的观点
- 等等
那你应该看看这本书。
首先,我们要有一个好的心态:
很多时候,对于生活中很多问题,我们不去探究清楚而急于下结论,是因为我们害怕被认为是无知的。我们要调整心态,享受不确定性:
- capable of being in uncertainties
- remain calm (rather than becoming irritable) in a state of uncertainty.
接着,再讲讲方法论:
洞察力:如何获取信息
信息可以是一幅画、一本书、一次演讲、一次对话等等。
适用场景
- 除了感受,信息是什么?
- 除了内容,未表达的信息是什么?
方法
The Method
找重复、找对比、找反例(Competition/Contrast /)
- 重复:同样的信息,归为一类,不断给其命名以获得见解
- 对比:可以关注二元对立,不仅看内容的对立,还需关注 implied meanings
这个方法表明:信息可能隐藏在信息被安排的结构中(信息的关系,信息的排列)
Notice And Focus (Ranking)
- What do you notice?
这个问题可以去关注信息本身,减轻急于下结论的压力 - Which three details (specific features of the subject matter) are most interesting (or significant or revealing or strange)?
- Why the three things you selected struck you as the most interesting?
10 ON 1
make ten observations or points about a single representative issue or example
Seems to Be about X, but Could Also Be (IsReally) aboutY
如何评价观点/信息
词汇<=概念<信息块<假设<=推理
概念
理解概念的方法:Paraphrase *3
对某个吃不透的词/概念,尤其是抽象的,换3个同义词
假设和推理
找出隐含假设
Tax laws benefit the wealthy.
- 用其他语言陈述这个论断。
The rules for paying income tax give rich people monetary advantages.
The rules for paying income tax help the rich get richer. - key terms
看作者是如何定义的 - 用相反的角度去看(反逻辑)
Tax laws benefit the poor
Tax laws do not benefit the wealthy.
如何对待 Argument
二元对立问题 (Binaries)
非黑即白、同意/不同意的问题
几个危险的点
- 有些事情不能被精确地分为2个方面,可能有其他分支
- 二元的其中一元可能有价值倾向(如文明和原始)
- 可能二元都有一定道理/都没道理
如何思考?
例子:Does the model of management known as Total Quality Management (TQM) that is widely used in Japan work in the American automotive industry?
- 找出所有对立的类别
除了 work/not work 的对立,还有美国/日本、 TQM/传统美国管理方法的对立。 - 定义 key terms
What, for example, does it mean to ask whether TQM works in the American automotive industry?
Does work mean "make a substantial profit"?
Does work mean"produce more cars more quickly"?
Does work mean "improving employee morale"? - 质疑二元的精确性(是不是能做成对立面?)
You might consider, for example, the extent to which American management styles actually differ from the Japanese version of TQM - 提问To What Extent?" ,替代 "Either/Or"
Was the Civil War fought over slavery or economics?
可以思考:
To what extent did economics, rather than slavery, cause the Civil War?
以上的二阶思维
-
Why did I choose this word?
-
What ideas are implicit in the language I have used?
-
Where does it make claims?
-
What kind of evidence does it provide?
-
Does the writer overtly reveal his or her premises?
-
How and when does he or she use metaphors or analogies?
如何形成/表达有见解的观点
如何避免宽泛的论述,表达有信息量的观点。
例子: The economic situation is bad
- 把“is/are”这样的词替换为活跃的动词 ( active verb )
Is/are 表示前后关系/权重一致,用其他的动词去给你的信息区分权重,去阐述概念间的关系 - 不要用宽泛的名词
修改为:
(The) tax policies (of the current administration) threaten to reduce (the tax burden on the middle class) by sacrificing education and health care programs for everyone
如何避免 first response,人人都能想到的无新意的论点
- Seems to Be about X, but Could Also Be (IsReally) aboutY
可以默念这个公式 - 不断ask why
二阶思维问题
Judgement Reflex
当我们遇到一些论断,尤其是指示性论断的时候,例如应该/不应该做x,应禁止/恢复x,会缺乏思考,只考虑做或不做x, 判断x 是对是错,而不去先考虑 x 是什么,为什么会有x,如何做x(what why how)
我的理解,出现这种情况的原因
- 指示性的东西代表了某种方向,大脑判断是更清晰的。而“弄清楚x是什么”对大脑来说是更模糊的。所以大脑偏爱去处理指示性的问题。
- 屈从于别人判断的怂人倾向
如何解决
- 重复别人的意见,直到你可以用自己的话复数
- 检测自己或他人语言里指示性的词汇(如应该)和评价性的形容词。(如优秀的等等)
Intention
当我们对某个作品或某个信息块解读时,不能把意图(作者的或产品本身的)当作高于其他解释的信息,应该把意图理解为需要被解释的信息。( the intention, whatever its source, does not outrank or exclude other interpretations. It is simply another context for understanding.)
Cliche
By using rock music to sell a wide range of products, the advertising agencies, in league with corporate giants such as Pepsi, Michelob, and Ford, have corrupted the spirit of rock and roll.
- 时间维度考虑
that rock and roll was highly commercial long before it colonized the airwaves. - 如果cliche表达的是A对B的作用,考虑B对A的作用
that rock has actually improved advertising, not that ads have ruined rock—or, alternatively, that rock has shrewdly marketed idealism to gullible consumers.
其他
一些有用的练习
1 观察力练习:对任何东西表达一个印象 impression 然后说出至少3个理由。
2 防止作出陈词滥调的第一反应:
Seems to Be about X, but Could Also Be (IsReally) aboutY
Keep asking why
金句:
Emily Dickinson
A word is dead/When it is said,/Some say./I say it just/Begins to live/That day.
网友评论