a. 分词的意义
i. 现在分词的意义
- 主动的、正在进行的动作
a. 特点
i. 把分词改成定语从句,定语从句谓语要用进行时态
ii. 此时分词多数表示所修饰名词的一种短暂性的特点,是强调正在发生的一个动作
b. the sinking ship/ falling leaves - 主动的、一般的动作
a. 特点
i. 把分词改成定语从句,定语从句的谓语要用一般时态
ii. 此时的现在分词多数表示所修饰名词的一种持久性特点
b. Flying fishes = fishes that can fly
c. The exploiting class= the class that exploits others
ii. 过去分词的意义
- 被动一般或被动完成的动作
a. 此时的过去分词是由及物动词变化而来
b. 若将分词改成定语从句,则定语从句的谓语要用被动语态
c. The exploited class = the class that is exploited - 主动完成的动作
a. 特点:
i. 过去分词由不及物动词变化而来
ii. 若将分词改成定语从句,则定语从句要用主动语态和完成时态
b. The sunken ship = the ship that has sunk
b. 分词的作用:状语
i. 主语一致:单独的分词(短语)作状语
- 垂悬分词 主句从句 主语要一致
a. Arriving home, I found the door was locked - 分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语须一致
a. Good relationships are hard to find and once developed should be nurtured
ii. 独立分词结构:“名词+分词” 作状语 主语不一致的情况
- Weather permitting, we’ll be going fishing tomorrow.
iii. 独立分词结构2:”with +名词+分词” 作状语
- A car roared past, with smoke pouring from the exhaust
iv. 固定结构
- 副词+speaking generally, strictly, broadly…. Speaking
a. Strictly speaking, this is not a right answer - 分词+介词 比如 judging from, talking of, allowing for(考虑到)
a. Taking everything into consideration, they ought to win this game - 分词+(that)从句
a. Seeing that, considering that, supposing that, granting that….. allowing that
b. Supposing there was a war, what would you do? - 分词短语相当于一个非限定性定语从句
a. In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other and merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.
v. 分词作状语的意义
- “名词+分词”作状语的意义
a. 表示条件
i. Therefore, jogging and dieting, carried to extremes, can be hazardous.
b. 表示时间
i. Reading the letter, she burst out crying
c. 表示原因
i. It being so nice a day, let’s go out for a walk
d. 表示让步
i. Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy
e. 表示结果
i. Finding the door locked, I went home.
f. 表示方式
i. Smiling, he answered.
g. 表示补充说明或伴随状况
i. She had her hands full every time, fetching water, building the fire and washing. - With+名词短语+分词 作状语的意义 一是表示伴随状况,补充说明,具体举例等,二是表示原因
a. 表示补充说明
i. Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet.
b. 表示原因
i. With the temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment. - 分词短语作状语时可以保留相应的连词
a. Once deprived of oxygen, the brain dies
c. 分词的作用(2):定语
i. 单个分词作定语要前置
- Please enclose a stamped addressed envelope
ii. 分词短语作定语要后置
- Man wearing a hooded top
iii. 后置定语的三种被动结构
- to be done 表示将来的动作
a. Are you going to attend the meeting to be held next month? - being done 表示进行的动作
a. The question being discussed is very important - done 表示一般过去或完成的动作
a. Did you attend the meeting held last month in Shanghai?
d. 分词的作用,补足语
i. 分词在感觉动词后充当宾语补足语 find, hear, smell, observe, watch, notice
- We saw the sun rising from behind the trees.
ii. 作补足语的分词与不定式的区别
- 用现在分词,强调动作正在进行
- 用不定式,则表示一般的动作或一个动作的全过程
iii. 分词作成分要注意的问题
- 定语还是状语
a. The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West. - 不能用作定语的分词结构
a. Having done/ having been done 不能用在名词后面作后置定语 - 不能用作状语的分词结构 不及物动词的过去分词 grown up不能作状语
e. 分词的完成式
i. 一般式还是完成式?
- 一般式:当分词所表示的动作和状态与谓语动词的动作或状态与句子的谓语动词同时发生或在之后发生,则要用分词的一般式
- 完成式:当分词所表示的动作或状态在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前发生,则要用分词的完成式
ii. 何时该用完成式 分词动作发生在谓语动作之前
- 如果分词时短暂动词,则分词所表示的动作往往是再谓语动作之前多次发生过
- 如果分词时延续性动词,则分词的完成式所表示的动作往往是在谓语动作之前发生且持续了一段时间。表现为持续性的特点。
f. 分词的用法总结
i. 主动的一般动作:doing
- Locking the door, he went home.
ii. 主动的进行动作:doing
- the sinking ship
iii. 主动的完成动作: having done
- Having locked all the doors, he went home。
iv. 被动的一般动作 done(及物动词)
- A respected writer
v. 被动的进行动作:being done(及物动词)
- The question being discussed is very important
vi. 被动的完成动作:having been done(及物动词)
- All flights having been canceled, they had to take the train.
vii. 不及物动词的过去分词用法比较复杂
- 关于作定语 必须放在名词前面
a. Grown-up children - 关于作状语 一般式grown 不能作状语 要说Having grown up
viii. 如何正确使用分词 分词的意义,作用,动词的用法
g. 分词构成的复合形容词
i. 外部关系与内部关系
- 外部关系 过去分词和它所修饰的名词之间的关系
- 内部关系 指构成复合形容词的两个词的关系
ii. 现在分词构成的复合形容词的共同特点
- 共同特点:被修饰的名词可以作现在分词的逻辑主语
- 名词+及物动词的现在分词
a. Ice-thawing visit /face-swapping skill/man-eating beast - 名词+不及物动词的现在分词
a. A night-walking animal/ a winter-blooming plant - 名词+系动词的现在分词
a. Fossil-appearing 类化石 - 形容词+系动词的现在分词
a. Good-looking man/ lame-sounding stories/ a funny-looking clown - 副词+不及物动词的现在分词
a. Far-reaching events /hard-working people
iii. 过去分词构成的复合形容词
- 过去分词构成的复合形容词的共同特点
a. 修饰的名词可以作过去分词的逻辑宾语 - 名词+及物动词的过去分词
a. U.s-led coalition 以美国为首的盟军
b. Hand-made gloves
c. Password-protected 受密码保护的 - 形容词+及物动词的过去分词
a. A green-painted house/ a red-dyed cloth - 副词+及物动词的过去分词 a newly-built library/ the above-mentioned items
iv. 其他构成的复合形容词
- 形容词+名词+ed
a. Bad-tempered people/ warm-hearted people - 数词+名词+ed
a. One-eyed camel, a two-faced person
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