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LeetCode笔记:451. Sort Characters

LeetCode笔记:451. Sort Characters

作者: Cloudox_ | 来源:发表于2017-11-23 09:35 被阅读41次

    问题:

    Given a string, sort it in decreasing order based on the frequency of characters.
    Example 1:

    Input:
    "tree"
    Output:
    "eert"
    Explanation:
    'e' appears twice while 'r' and 't' both appear once.
    So 'e' must appear before both 'r' and 't'. Therefore "eetr" is also a valid answer.

    Example 2:

    Input:
    "cccaaa"
    Output:
    "cccaaa"
    Explanation:
    Both 'c' and 'a' appear three times, so "aaaccc" is also a valid answer.
    Note that "cacaca" is incorrect, as the same characters must be together.

    Example 3:

    Input:
    "Aabb"
    Output:
    "bbAa"
    Explanation:
    "bbaA" is also a valid answer, but "Aabb" is incorrect.
    Note that 'A' and 'a' are treated as two different characters.

    大意:

    给出一个字符串,基于其中字符出现的次数按照降序排列。
    例1:

    输入:
    "tree"
    输出:
    "eert"
    解释:
    ‘e’出现了两次,‘r’和‘t’都只出现了一次。
    所以‘e’要在‘r’和‘t’的前面。因此“eetr”也是对的。

    例2:

    输入:
    "cccaaa"
    输出:
    "cccaaa"
    解释:
    ‘c’和‘a’都出现了三次,所以“aaaccc”也是对的。
    注意“cacaca”是错的,因为同样的字符必须在一起。

    例3:

    输入:
    "Aabb"
    输出:
    "bbAa"
    解释:
    “bbaA”也是对的,但“Aabb”不对。
    注意‘A’和‘a’被视为两个不同的字符。

    思路:

    题目的要求是将字符按照出现次数排序,注意是区分大小写的,而且并没有说只有字母。

    其实整个过程可以分为几步:

    1. 遍历收集不同字符出现的次数;
    2. 按照次数排序
    3. 组成结果数组,每个字符要出现对应的次数。

    我用二维数组来记录字符和出现的次数,然后用冒泡法排序,最后组成数组。

    这个做法能实现,但是时间复杂度太高了,在超长输入的测试用例中超时了。

    代码(Java):

    public class Solution {
        public String frequencySort(String s) {
            char[] arr = s.toCharArray();
            String[][] record = new String[arr.length][2];
            int num = 0;
            // 将字符串中的不同字符及其数量记录到二维数组中
            for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
                int j = 0;
                boolean hasFind = false;
                for (; j < num; j++) {
                    if (arr[i] - record[j][0].charAt(0) == 0) {
                        hasFind = true;
                        int temp = Integer.parseInt(record[j][1]) + 1;
                        record[j][1] = Integer.toString(temp);
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (!hasFind) {
                    record[j][0] = String.valueOf(arr[i]);
                    record[j][1] = "1";
                    num ++;
                }
            }
            
            // 对二维数组按第二列排序
            for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
                for (int j = 0; j < num-1; j++) {
                    String[] temp = new String[2];
                    if (Integer.parseInt(record[j][1]) - Integer.parseInt(record[j+1][1]) > 0) {
                        temp = record[j];
                        record[j] = record[j+1];
                        record[j+1] = temp;
                    }
                }
            }
            // 结果
            System.out.println(num);
            String result = "";
            for (int i = num-1; i >= 0; i--) {
                System.out.println(record[i][1]);
                System.out.println(record[i][0]);
                for (int j = 0; j < Integer.parseInt(record[i][1]); j++) {
                    result = result + record[i][0];
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
    }
    

    改进:

    其实想了想ASCII码表总共就126个字符,可以像对待纯字母一样用一个数组来记录次数,同时用一个字符数组来记录对应位置的字符,在排序时跟着一起变就行了。

    但是依然会超时,看来主要还是排序方式太慢了。

    改进代码(Java):

    public class Solution {
        public String frequencySort(String s) {
            char[] arr = s.toCharArray();
            int[] map = new int[126];
            char[] c = new char[126];
            // 将字符串中的不同字符及其数量记录到数组中
            for (char ch : s.toCharArray()) {
                map[ch]++;
            }
            
            // 对应字符
            for (int i = 0; i < 126; i++) {
                c[i] = (char)i;
            }
            
            // 对次数排序
            for (int i = 0; i < 126; i++) {
                for (int j = 0; j < 125; j++) {
                    if (map[j] - map[j+1] > 0) {
                        // 次数移动
                        int tempNum = map[j];
                        map[j] = map[j+1];
                        map[j+1] = tempNum;
                        
                        // 对应字符移动
                        char tempChar = c[j];
                        c[j] = c[j+1];
                        c[j+1] = tempChar;
                    }
                }
            }
            // 结果
            String result = "";
            for (int i = 125; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (map[i] > 0) {
                    for (int j = 0; j < map[i]; j++) {
                        result = result + c[i];
                    }
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
    }
    

    他山之石:

    public class Solution {
        public String frequencySort(String s) {
            if (s == null) {
                return null;
            }
            Map<Character, Integer> map = new HashMap();
            char[] charArray = s.toCharArray();
            int max = 0;
            for (Character c : charArray) {
                if (!map.containsKey(c)) {
                    map.put(c, 0);
                }
                map.put(c, map.get(c) + 1);
                max = Math.max(max, map.get(c));
            }
        
            List<Character>[] array = buildArray(map, max);
        
            return buildString(array);
        }
        
        private List<Character>[] buildArray(Map<Character, Integer> map, int maxCount) {
            List<Character>[] array = new List[maxCount + 1];
            for (Character c : map.keySet()) {
                int count = map.get(c);
                if (array[count] == null) {
                    array[count] = new ArrayList();
                }
                array[count].add(c);
            }
            return array;
        }
        
        private String buildString(List<Character>[] array) {
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            for (int i = array.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
                List<Character> list = array[i];
                if (list != null) {
                    for (Character c : list) {
                        for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                            sb.append(c);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
            return sb.toString();
        }
    }
    

    这个做法用map来记录字符出现的次数,比我的方法要快一些。然后创建数组,用序号来表示其出现的次数,省去了排序的过程,最后反过来得出结果就可以了。速度回快一些,但是属于空间换时间,在字符数量很大时会浪费很多空间。

    合集:https://github.com/Cloudox/LeetCode-Record


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