Vue的响应式系统将按照如下几个部分进行讲解：
1. 响应式对象
2. 依赖收集
3. 派发更新
4. nextTick
5. 检测变化的注意事项
6. 计算属性VS侦听属性
7. 组件更新
8. Props
9. 原理图

[响应式对象]

对于响应式对象，拿props的初始作为一个例子，其他属性都可以触类旁通。
vue的初始化有这么一条路：

initMixin => instate => initProps

来看initProps：

function initProps (vm: Component, propsOptions: Object) {
  const propsData = vm.$options.propsData || {}
  const props = vm._props = {}
  // cache prop keys so that future props updates can iterate using Array
  // instead of dynamic object key enumeration.
  const keys = vm.$options._propKeys = []
  const isRoot = !vm.$parent
  // root instance props should be converted
  if (!isRoot) {
    toggleObserving(false)
  }
  for (const key in propsOptions) {
    keys.push(key)
    const value = validateProp(key, propsOptions, propsData, vm)
    /* istanbul ignore else */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      const hyphenatedKey = hyphenate(key)
      if (isReservedAttribute(hyphenatedKey) ||
          config.isReservedAttr(hyphenatedKey)) {
        warn(
          `"${hyphenatedKey}" is a reserved attribute and cannot be used as component prop.`,
          vm
        )
      }
      defineReactive(props, key, value, () => {
        if (!isRoot && !isUpdatingChildComponent) {
          warn(
            `Avoid mutating a prop directly since the value will be ` +
            `overwritten whenever the parent component re-renders. ` +
            `Instead, use a data or computed property based on the prop's ` +
            `value. Prop being mutated: "${key}"`,
            vm
          )
        }
      })
    } else {
      defineReactive(props, key, value)
    }
    // static props are already proxied on the component's prototype
    // during Vue.extend(). We only need to proxy props defined at
    // instantiation here.
    if (!(key in vm)) {
      proxy(vm, `_props`, key)
    }
  }
  toggleObserving(true)
}

通过defineReactive(props, key, value)将props将props变成一个响应式对象，通过proxy(vm, _props, key)使得下面这条访问链路成立：

vm._props.xxx => vm.xxx =>$options.prop

来看下proxy的实现

const sharedPropertyDefinition = {
  enumerable: true,
  configurable: true,
  get: noop,
  set: noop
}

export function proxy (target: Object, sourceKey: string, key: string) {
  sharedPropertyDefinition.get = function proxyGetter () {
    return this[sourceKey][key]
  }
  sharedPropertyDefinition.set = function proxySetter (val) {
    this[sourceKey][key] = val
  }
  Object.defineProperty(target, key, sharedPropertyDefinition)
}

就是通过sharedPropertyDefinition桥接了下，我们平常在组件使用的data也一样。这也就我们在data中对应的数据可以通过this.xxxx访问的原因。

function initData (vm: Component) {
  let data = vm.$options.data
  data = vm._data = typeof data === 'function'
    ? getData(data, vm)
    : data || {}
  if (!isPlainObject(data)) {
    data = {}
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      'data functions should return an object:\n' +
      'https://vuejs.org/v2/guide/components.html#data-Must-Be-a-Function',
      vm
    )
  }
  // proxy data on instance
  const keys = Object.keys(data)
  const props = vm.$options.props
  const methods = vm.$options.methods
  let i = keys.length
  while (i--) {
    const key = keys[i]
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      if (methods && hasOwn(methods, key)) {
        warn(
          `Method "${key}" has already been defined as a data property.`,
          vm
        )
      }
    }
    if (props && hasOwn(props, key)) {
      process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
        `The data property "${key}" is already declared as a prop. ` +
        `Use prop default value instead.`,
        vm
      )
    } else if (!isReserved(key)) {
      proxy(vm, `_data`, key)
    }
  }
  // observe data
  observe(data, true /* asRootData */)
}

来看下这个observe(src\core\observer\index.js)

export function observe (value: any, asRootData: ?boolean): Observer | void {
  if (!isObject(value) || value instanceof VNode) {
    return
  }
  let ob: Observer | void
  if (hasOwn(value, '__ob__') && value.__ob__ instanceof Observer) {
    ob = value.__ob__
  } else if (
    shouldObserve &&
    !isServerRendering() &&
    (Array.isArray(value) || isPlainObject(value)) &&
    Object.isExtensible(value) &&
    !value._isVue
  ) {
    ob = new Observer(value)
  }
  if (asRootData && ob) {
    ob.vmCount++
  }
  return ob
}

这段逻辑就是说如果之前添加过observe，那么就用之前的，否则就new一个Observer。ps：大家在看响应式代码之前建议先去了解下属性描述符的一系列概念。
来看Observer：

export class Observer {
  value: any;
  dep: Dep;
  vmCount: number; // number of vms that have this object as root $data

  constructor (value: any) {
    this.value = value
    this.dep = new Dep()
    this.vmCount = 0
    def(value, '__ob__', this)
    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
      if (hasProto) {
        protoAugment(value, arrayMethods)
      } else {
        copyAugment(value, arrayMethods, arrayKeys)
      }
      this.observeArray(value)
    } else {
      this.walk(value)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Walk through all properties and convert them into
   * getter/setters. This method should only be called when
   * value type is Object.
   */
  walk (obj: Object) {
    const keys = Object.keys(obj)
    for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
      defineReactive(obj, keys[i])
    }
  }

  /**
   * Observe a list of Array items.
   */
  observeArray (items: Array<any>) {
    for (let i = 0, l = items.length; i < l; i++) {
      observe(items[i])
    }
  }
}

其中dep有关依赖收集，我们等会再讲，def(value, 'ob', this)，就是将这个Observer添加到被观察对象的"ob"上，作用我们之后再说。

如果被观察的对象是数组的话，调用protoAugment 或copyAugment ，这两个函数主要是重写了数组的一些方法，最后调用observeArray。如果不是数组的话则调用walk方法。
来看walk方法：

  walk (obj: Object) {
    const keys = Object.keys(obj)
    for (let i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
      defineReactive(obj, keys[i])
    }
  }

其实就是调用了defineReactive方法（敲黑板了！！！！）：

export function defineReactive (
  obj: Object,
  key: string,
  val: any,
  customSetter?: ?Function,
  shallow?: boolean
) {
  const dep = new Dep()

  const property = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj, key)
  if (property && property.configurable === false) {
    return
  }

  // cater for pre-defined getter/setters
  const getter = property && property.get
  const setter = property && property.set
  if ((!getter || setter) && arguments.length === 2) {
    val = obj[key]
  }

  let childOb = !shallow && observe(val)
  Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
    enumerable: true,
    configurable: true,
    get: function reactiveGetter () {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      if (Dep.target) {
        dep.depend()
        if (childOb) {
          childOb.dep.depend()
          if (Array.isArray(value)) {
            dependArray(value)
          }
        }
      }
      return value
    },
    set: function reactiveSetter (newVal) {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      /* eslint-disable no-self-compare */
      if (newVal === value || (newVal !== newVal && value !== value)) {
        return
      }
      /* eslint-enable no-self-compare */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && customSetter) {
        customSetter()
      }
      // #7981: for accessor properties without setter
      if (getter && !setter) return
      if (setter) {
        setter.call(obj, newVal)
      } else {
        val = newVal
      }
      childOb = !shallow && observe(newVal)
      dep.notify()
    }
  })
}

这玩意贼有用，vue-router的响应式也是靠他实现的。
首先它先获取了目标对象属性的属性描述符。如果不可配置，直接return。
然后他通过Object.defineProperty,定义了该属性的get和set,get我们后面会讲，是用来做依赖收集的，set是用来做派发更新的。
先不管具体的依赖收集和派发更新。
整个创建一个响应式对象，是这么一个流程

observe(xxx) => xxx是数组 ？递归observe ：walk(调用defineReactive), observe整个动作是vue核心库需要的，最后变成响应式对象是靠defineReactive实现的。

[依赖收集]

export function defineReactive (
  obj: Object,
  key: string,
  val: any,
  customSetter?: ?Function,
  shallow?: boolean
) {
  const dep = new Dep()

  const property = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj, key)
  if (property && property.configurable === false) {
    return
  }

  // cater for pre-defined getter/setters
  const getter = property && property.get
  const setter = property && property.set
  if ((!getter || setter) && arguments.length === 2) {
    val = obj[key]
  }

  let childOb = !shallow && observe(val)
  Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
    enumerable: true,
    configurable: true,
    get: function reactiveGetter () {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      if (Dep.target) {
        dep.depend()
        if (childOb) {
          childOb.dep.depend()
          if (Array.isArray(value)) {
            dependArray(value)
          }
        }
      }
      return value
    },
    set: function reactiveSetter (newVal) {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      /* eslint-disable no-self-compare */
      if (newVal === value || (newVal !== newVal && value !== value)) {
        return
      }
      /* eslint-enable no-self-compare */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && customSetter) {
        customSetter()
      }
      // #7981: for accessor properties without setter
      if (getter && !setter) return
      if (setter) {
        setter.call(obj, newVal)
      } else {
        val = newVal
      }
      childOb = !shallow && observe(newVal)
      dep.notify()
    }
  })
}

这段代码中其实真正重要的就是两部分：

const dep = new Dep()

childOb.dep.depend()

Dep 是整个 getter 依赖收集的核心，它的定义在 src/core/observer/dep.js 中：

export default class Dep {
  static target: ?Watcher;
  id: number;
  subs: Array<Watcher>;

  constructor () {
    this.id = uid++
    this.subs = []
  }

  addSub (sub: Watcher) {
    this.subs.push(sub)
  }

  removeSub (sub: Watcher) {
    remove(this.subs, sub)
  }

  depend () {
    if (Dep.target) {
      Dep.target.addDep(this)
    }
  }

  notify () {
    // stabilize the subscriber list first
    const subs = this.subs.slice()
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !config.async) {
      // subs aren't sorted in scheduler if not running async
      // we need to sort them now to make sure they fire in correct
      // order
      subs.sort((a, b) => a.id - b.id)
    }
    for (let i = 0, l = subs.length; i < l; i++) {
      subs[i].update()
    }
  }
}

可以看到这个类实现了1个构造器和4个方法：

1. constructor
2. addSub
3. removeSub
4. depend
5. notify

Dep 实际上就是对 Watcher 的一种管理，Dep 脱离 Watcher 单独存在是没有意义的，为了完整地讲清楚依赖收集过程，我们有必要看一下 Watcher 的一些相关实现，它的定义在 src/core/observer/watcher.js 中：

/* @flow */

import {
  warn,
  remove,
  isObject,
  parsePath,
  _Set as Set,
  handleError,
  noop
} from '../util/index'

import { traverse } from './traverse'
import { queueWatcher } from './scheduler'
import Dep, { pushTarget, popTarget } from './dep'

import type { SimpleSet } from '../util/index'

let uid = 0

/**
 * A watcher parses an expression, collects dependencies,
 * and fires callback when the expression value changes.
 * This is used for both the $watch() api and directives.
 */
export default class Watcher {
  vm: Component;
  expression: string;
  cb: Function;
  id: number;
  deep: boolean;
  user: boolean;
  lazy: boolean;
  sync: boolean;
  dirty: boolean;
  active: boolean;
  deps: Array<Dep>;
  newDeps: Array<Dep>;
  depIds: SimpleSet;
  newDepIds: SimpleSet;
  before: ?Function;
  getter: Function;
  value: any;

  constructor (
    vm: Component,
    expOrFn: string | Function,
    cb: Function,
    options?: ?Object,
    isRenderWatcher?: boolean
  ) {
    this.vm = vm
    if (isRenderWatcher) {
      vm._watcher = this
    }
    vm._watchers.push(this)
    // options
    if (options) {
      this.deep = !!options.deep
      this.user = !!options.user
      this.lazy = !!options.lazy
      this.sync = !!options.sync
      this.before = options.before
    } else {
      this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false
    }
    this.cb = cb
    this.id = ++uid // uid for batching
    this.active = true
    this.dirty = this.lazy // for lazy watchers
    this.deps = []
    this.newDeps = []
    this.depIds = new Set()
    this.newDepIds = new Set()
    this.expression = process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production'
      ? expOrFn.toString()
      : ''
    // parse expression for getter
    if (typeof expOrFn === 'function') {
      this.getter = expOrFn
    } else {
      this.getter = parsePath(expOrFn)
      if (!this.getter) {
        this.getter = noop
        process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
          `Failed watching path: "${expOrFn}" ` +
          'Watcher only accepts simple dot-delimited paths. ' +
          'For full control, use a function instead.',
          vm
        )
      }
    }
    this.value = this.lazy
      ? undefined
      : this.get()
  }

  /**
   * Evaluate the getter, and re-collect dependencies.
   */
  get () {
    pushTarget(this)
    let value
    const vm = this.vm
    try {
      value = this.getter.call(vm, vm)
    } catch (e) {
      if (this.user) {
        handleError(e, vm, `getter for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
      } else {
        throw e
      }
    } finally {
      // "touch" every property so they are all tracked as
      // dependencies for deep watching
      if (this.deep) {
        traverse(value)
      }
      popTarget()
      this.cleanupDeps()
    }
    return value
  }

  /**
   * Add a dependency to this directive.
   */
  addDep (dep: Dep) {
    const id = dep.id
    if (!this.newDepIds.has(id)) {
      this.newDepIds.add(id)
      this.newDeps.push(dep)
      if (!this.depIds.has(id)) {
        dep.addSub(this)
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Clean up for dependency collection.
   */
  cleanupDeps () {
    let i = this.deps.length
    while (i--) {
      const dep = this.deps[i]
      if (!this.newDepIds.has(dep.id)) {
        dep.removeSub(this)
      }
    }
    let tmp = this.depIds
    this.depIds = this.newDepIds
    this.newDepIds = tmp
    this.newDepIds.clear()
    tmp = this.deps
    this.deps = this.newDeps
    this.newDeps = tmp
    this.newDeps.length = 0
  }

  /**
   * Subscriber interface.
   * Will be called when a dependency changes.
   */
  update () {
    /* istanbul ignore else */
    if (this.lazy) {
      this.dirty = true
    } else if (this.sync) {
      this.run()
    } else {
      queueWatcher(this)
    }
  }

  /**
   * Scheduler job interface.
   * Will be called by the scheduler.
   */
  run () {
    if (this.active) {
      const value = this.get()
      if (
        value !== this.value ||
        // Deep watchers and watchers on Object/Arrays should fire even
        // when the value is the same, because the value may
        // have mutated.
        isObject(value) ||
        this.deep
      ) {
        // set new value
        const oldValue = this.value
        this.value = value
        if (this.user) {
          try {
            this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
          } catch (e) {
            handleError(e, this.vm, `callback for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
          }
        } else {
          this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Evaluate the value of the watcher.
   * This only gets called for lazy watchers.
   */
  evaluate () {
    this.value = this.get()
    this.dirty = false
  }

  /**
   * Depend on all deps collected by this watcher.
   */
  depend () {
    let i = this.deps.length
    while (i--) {
      this.deps[i].depend()
    }
  }

  /**
   * Remove self from all dependencies' subscriber list.
   */
  teardown () {
    if (this.active) {
      // remove self from vm's watcher list
      // this is a somewhat expensive operation so we skip it
      // if the vm is being destroyed.
      if (!this.vm._isBeingDestroyed) {
        remove(this.vm._watchers, this)
      }
      let i = this.deps.length
      while (i--) {
        this.deps[i].removeSub(this)
      }
      this.active = false
    }
  }
}

可以看到这个类实现了1个构造器和8个方法：

1. constructor
2. get
3. addDep
4. cleanupDeps
5. update
6. run
7. evaluate
8. depend
9. teardown

了解这些之后我们看下这个依赖收集的过程。
之前我们讲过，在调用$mount方法的时候其实是调用了mountComponent方法（src\platforms\web\runtime\index.js）
而在mountComponent这个方法的定义的时候有这么一段逻辑：

  // we set this to vm._watcher inside the watcher's constructor
  // since the watcher's initial patch may call $forceUpdate (e.g. inside child
  // component's mounted hook), which relies on vm._watcher being already defined
  new Watcher(vm, updateComponent, noop, {
    before () {
      if (vm._isMounted && !vm._isDestroyed) {
        callHook(vm, 'beforeUpdate')
      }
    }
  }, true /* isRenderWatcher */)

我们来看下new watch干了啥：

  constructor (
    vm: Component,
    expOrFn: string | Function,
    cb: Function,
    options?: ?Object,
    isRenderWatcher?: boolean
  ) {
    this.vm = vm
    if (isRenderWatcher) {
      vm._watcher = this
    }
    vm._watchers.push(this)
    // options
    if (options) {
      this.deep = !!options.deep
      this.user = !!options.user
      this.lazy = !!options.lazy
      this.sync = !!options.sync
      this.before = options.before
    } else {
      this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false
    }
    this.cb = cb
    this.id = ++uid // uid for batching
    this.active = true
    this.dirty = this.lazy // for lazy watchers
    this.deps = []
    this.newDeps = []
    this.depIds = new Set()
    this.newDepIds = new Set()
    this.expression = process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production'
      ? expOrFn.toString()
      : ''
    // parse expression for getter
    if (typeof expOrFn === 'function') {
      this.getter = expOrFn
    } else {
      this.getter = parsePath(expOrFn)
      if (!this.getter) {
        this.getter = noop
        process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
          `Failed watching path: "${expOrFn}" ` +
          'Watcher only accepts simple dot-delimited paths. ' +
          'For full control, use a function instead.',
          vm
        )
      }
    }
    this.value = this.lazy
      ? undefined
      : this.get()
  }

首先实例中的_watchers收集了这个新的watch

 vm._watchers.push(this)

抛去一些我们暂时不关心的逻辑，看下最后访问了get方法

    this.value = this.lazy
      ? undefined
      : this.get()

  get () {
    pushTarget(this)
    let value
    const vm = this.vm
    try {
      value = this.getter.call(vm, vm)
    } catch (e) {
      if (this.user) {
        handleError(e, vm, `getter for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
      } else {
        throw e
      }
    } finally {
      // "touch" every property so they are all tracked as
      // dependencies for deep watching
      if (this.deep) {
        traverse(value)
      }
      popTarget()
      this.cleanupDeps()
    }
    return value
  }

第一步就是干了这么一件事：

  pushTarget(this)

看下pushTarget的定义(src\core\observer\dep.js)：

export function pushTarget (target: ?Watcher) {
  targetStack.push(target)
  Dep.target = target
}

也就是Dep.target会变成这个新的watch，同时把这个watch压入targetStack中（其实后面会讲到是为了恢复用）。
回到之前，我们讲的defineReactive：

  Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
    enumerable: true,
    configurable: true,
    get: function reactiveGetter () {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      if (Dep.target) {
        dep.depend()
        if (childOb) {
          childOb.dep.depend()
          if (Array.isArray(value)) {
            dependArray(value)
          }
        }
      }
      return value
    },
    set: function reactiveSetter (newVal) {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      /* eslint-disable no-self-compare */
      if (newVal === value || (newVal !== newVal && value !== value)) {
        return
      }
      /* eslint-enable no-self-compare */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && customSetter) {
        customSetter()
      }
      // #7981: for accessor properties without setter
      if (getter && !setter) return
      if (setter) {
        setter.call(obj, newVal)
      } else {
        val = newVal
      }
      childOb = !shallow && observe(newVal)
      dep.notify()
    }
  })

当我们开始访问一个属性的时候，那么依赖收集的工作就开始了：

首先调用

dep.depend()

进而调用了addDep

  depend () {
    if (Dep.target) {
      Dep.target.addDep(this)
    }
  }

然后调用addSub

  addDep (dep: Dep) {
    const id = dep.id
    if (!this.newDepIds.has(id)) {
      this.newDepIds.add(id)
      this.newDeps.push(dep)
      if (!this.depIds.has(id)) {
        dep.addSub(this)
      }
    }
  }

  addSub (sub: Watcher) {
    this.subs.push(sub)
  }

上面的流程也就是下面这样是等价的：

dep.subs.push(Dep.target)

而这个Dep.target在new Watcher的时候已经被这个new Watcher赋值了。
也就是说我这个watcher就是持有这个dep的数据的订阅者了,这个目的是为后续数据变化时候能通知到哪些订阅者做准备。

让我们再关注一些细节,我们先回到Wathcer的get方法中：

  get () {
    pushTarget(this)
    let value
    const vm = this.vm
    try {
      value = this.getter.call(vm, vm)
    } catch (e) {
      if (this.user) {
        handleError(e, vm, `getter for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
      } else {
        throw e
      }
    } finally {
      // "touch" every property so they are all tracked as
      // dependencies for deep watching
      if (this.deep) {
        traverse(value)
      }
      popTarget()
      this.cleanupDeps()
    }
    return value
  }

首先是做了

 traverse(value)
``
这个等会会细讲。
然后是
```js
popTarget()

看其定义：

export function popTarget () {
  targetStack.pop()
  Dep.target = targetStack[targetStack.length - 1]
}

实际上就是把 Dep.target 恢复成上一个状态，因为当前 vm 的数据依赖收集已经完成，那么对应的渲染Dep.target 也需要改变。最后执行：

this.cleanupDeps()

  cleanupDeps () {
    let i = this.deps.length
    while (i--) {
      const dep = this.deps[i]
      if (!this.newDepIds.has(dep.id)) {
        dep.removeSub(this)
      }
    }
    let tmp = this.depIds
    this.depIds = this.newDepIds
    this.newDepIds = tmp
    this.newDepIds.clear()
    tmp = this.deps
    this.deps = this.newDeps
    this.newDeps = tmp
    this.newDeps.length = 0
  }

可以看到这个函数就是将新的依赖ID组和新的依赖组赋值到实际用的依赖ID组合依赖组里，然后清空了新的依赖ID组合依赖组。
考虑到一种场景，我们的模板会根据 v-if 去渲染不同子模板 a 和 b，当我们满足某种条件的时候渲染 a 的时候，会访问到 a 中的数据，这时候我们对 a 使用的数据添加了 getter，做了依赖收集，那么当我们去修改 a 的数据的时候，理应通知到这些订阅者。那么如果我们一旦改变了条件渲染了 b 模板，又会对 b 使用的数据添加了 getter，如果我们没有依赖移除的过程，那么这时候我去修改 a 模板的数据，会通知 a 数据的订阅的回调，这显然是有浪费的。

因此 Vue 设计了在每次添加完新的订阅，会移除掉旧的订阅，这样就保证了在我们刚才的场景中，如果渲染 b 模板的时候去修改 a 模板的数据，a 数据订阅回调已经被移除了，所以不会有任何浪费。

[派发更新]

之前我们说派发个更新是在set里面进行的：

export function defineReactive (
  obj: Object,
  key: string,
  val: any,
  customSetter?: ?Function,
  shallow?: boolean
) {
  const dep = new Dep()

  const property = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj, key)
  if (property && property.configurable === false) {
    return
  }

  // cater for pre-defined getter/setters
  const getter = property && property.get
  const setter = property && property.set
  if ((!getter || setter) && arguments.length === 2) {
    val = obj[key]
  }

  let childOb = !shallow && observe(val)
  Object.defineProperty(obj, key, {
    enumerable: true,
    configurable: true,
    get: function reactiveGetter () {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      if (Dep.target) {
        dep.depend()
        if (childOb) {
          childOb.dep.depend()
          if (Array.isArray(value)) {
            dependArray(value)
          }
        }
      }
      return value
    },
    set: function reactiveSetter (newVal) {
      const value = getter ? getter.call(obj) : val
      /* eslint-disable no-self-compare */
      if (newVal === value || (newVal !== newVal && value !== value)) {
        return
      }
      /* eslint-enable no-self-compare */
      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && customSetter) {
        customSetter()
      }
      // #7981: for accessor properties without setter
      if (getter && !setter) return
      if (setter) {
        setter.call(obj, newVal)
      } else {
        val = newVal
      }
      childOb = !shallow && observe(newVal)
      dep.notify()
    }
  })
}

可以看到有这么几步：

1. 判断新值和旧值如果相等或者同为NaN,则直接返回。
2. 如果有getter没有setter则直接返回
3. 有setter调用setter，否则直接赋值。
4. 将新值变为响应式对象。
5. 派发更新。
   这里需要注意的是，这里对新值和旧值是否相等是通过“===”判断的，因此如果值是引用类型是判断不出来的，所以通过set方法最后还是会调用defineReactive的，所以只适用值是普通值的情况。
   重点来看下用于派发更新的方法：

dep.notify()

  notify () {
    // stabilize the subscriber list first
    const subs = this.subs.slice()
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !config.async) {
      // subs aren't sorted in scheduler if not running async
      // we need to sort them now to make sure they fire in correct
      // order
      subs.sort((a, b) => a.id - b.id)
    }
    for (let i = 0, l = subs.length; i < l; i++) {
      subs[i].update()
    }
  }

可以看到这里是遍历所有订阅的watcher，然后执行watcher的update方法：

  update () {
    /* istanbul ignore else */
    if (this.lazy) {
      this.dirty = true
    } else if (this.sync) {
      this.run()
    } else {
      queueWatcher(this)
    }
  }

export function queueWatcher (watcher: Watcher) {
  const id = watcher.id
  if (has[id] == null) {
    has[id] = true
    if (!flushing) {
      queue.push(watcher)
    } else {
      // if already flushing, splice the watcher based on its id
      // if already past its id, it will be run next immediately.
      let i = queue.length - 1
      while (i > index && queue[i].id > watcher.id) {
        i--
      }
      queue.splice(i + 1, 0, watcher)
    }
    // queue the flush
    if (!waiting) {
      waiting = true

      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !config.async) {
        flushSchedulerQueue()
        return
      }
      nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue)
    }
  }
}

这里的sync等会会讲，先看queueWatcher，这里has[id]保证每个watcher的回调只触发一次，else等会再讲，看flushSchedulerQueue：

function flushSchedulerQueue () {
  currentFlushTimestamp = getNow()
  flushing = true
  let watcher, id

  // Sort queue before flush.
  // This ensures that:
  // 1. Components are updated from parent to child. (because parent is always
  //    created before the child)
  // 2. A component's user watchers are run before its render watcher (because
  //    user watchers are created before the render watcher)
  // 3. If a component is destroyed during a parent component's watcher run,
  //    its watchers can be skipped.
  queue.sort((a, b) => a.id - b.id)

  // do not cache length because more watchers might be pushed
  // as we run existing watchers
  for (index = 0; index < queue.length; index++) {
    watcher = queue[index]
    if (watcher.before) {
      watcher.before()
    }
    id = watcher.id
    has[id] = null
    watcher.run()
    // in dev build, check and stop circular updates.
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && has[id] != null) {
      circular[id] = (circular[id] || 0) + 1
      if (circular[id] > MAX_UPDATE_COUNT) {
        warn(
          'You may have an infinite update loop ' + (
            watcher.user
              ? `in watcher with expression "${watcher.expression}"`
              : `in a component render function.`
          ),
          watcher.vm
        )
        break
      }
    }
  }

  // keep copies of post queues before resetting state
  const activatedQueue = activatedChildren.slice()
  const updatedQueue = queue.slice()

  resetSchedulerState()

  // call component updated and activated hooks
  callActivatedHooks(activatedQueue)
  callUpdatedHooks(updatedQueue)

  // devtool hook
  /* istanbul ignore if */
  if (devtools && config.devtools) {
    devtools.emit('flush')
  }
}

队列排序
queue.sort((a, b) => a.id - b.id) 对队列做了从小到大的排序，这么做主要有以下要确保以下几点：

1.组件的更新由父到子；因为父组件的创建过程是先于子的，所以 watcher 的创建也是先父后子，执行顺序也应该保持先父后子。

2.用户的自定义 watcher 要优先于渲染 watcher 执行；因为用户自定义 watcher 是在渲染 watcher 之前创建的。

3.如果一个组件在父组件的 watcher 执行期间被销毁，那么它对应的 watcher 执行都可以被跳过，所以父组件的 watcher 应该先执行。

队列遍历
在对 queue 排序后，接着就是要对它做遍历，拿到对应的 watcher，执行 watcher.run()。这里需要注意一个细节，在遍历的时候每次都会对 queue.length 求值，因为在 watcher.run() 的时候，很可能用户会再次添加新的 watcher，这样会再次执行到 queueWatcher，如下：

export function queueWatcher (watcher: Watcher) {
  const id = watcher.id
  if (has[id] == null) {
    has[id] = true
    if (!flushing) {
      queue.push(watcher)
    } else {
      // if already flushing, splice the watcher based on its id
      // if already past its id, it will be run next immediately.
      let i = queue.length - 1
      while (i > index && queue[i].id > watcher.id) {
        i--
      }
      queue.splice(i + 1, 0, watcher)
    }
    // queue the flush
    if (!waiting) {
      waiting = true

      if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && !config.async) {
        flushSchedulerQueue()
        return
      }
      nextTick(flushSchedulerQueue)
    }
  }
}

这个时候flushing为true走到else分支里，这里其实就是将id按照从小到大插入queue中。run完，接着进行了resetSchedulerState操作：

function resetSchedulerState () {
  index = queue.length = activatedChildren.length = 0
  has = {}
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
    circular = {}
  }
  waiting = flushing = false
}

其实就是清空了 has,queue,然后将waiting，flushing重置为fasle.我们再来看看run：

  run () {
    if (this.active) {
      const value = this.get()
      if (
        value !== this.value ||
        // Deep watchers and watchers on Object/Arrays should fire even
        // when the value is the same, because the value may
        // have mutated.
        isObject(value) ||
        this.deep
      ) {
        // set new value
        const oldValue = this.value
        this.value = value
        if (this.user) {
          try {
            this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
          } catch (e) {
            handleError(e, this.vm, `callback for watcher "${this.expression}"`)
          }
        } else {
          this.cb.call(this.vm, value, oldValue)
        }
      }
    }
  }

先通过 this.get() 得到它当前的值，然后做判断，如果满足新旧值不等、新值是对象类型、deep 模式任何一个条件，则执行 watcher 的回调，注意回调函数执行的时候会把第一个和第二个参数传入新值 value 和旧值 oldValue，这就是当我们添加自定义 watcher 的时候能在回调函数的参数中拿到新旧值的原因。
梳理下流程：

值发生改变 => dep.notify()=> 遍历触发订阅的wathcer的update=> 根据是否同步等条件最后触发watcher.run方法(渲染函数触发get执行更新DOM)=> 触发watcher的回调（用户可以拿到新值和旧值）
那么对于渲染 watcher 而言(new的时候第5参数传不传true)，它在执行 this.get() 方法求值的时候，会执行 getter 方法：

updateComponent = () => {
  vm._update(vm._render(), hydrating)
}

接着讲nextTick：

[nextTick]

/* @flow */
/* globals MutationObserver */

import { noop } from 'shared/util'
import { handleError } from './error'
import { isIE, isIOS, isNative } from './env'

export let isUsingMicroTask = false

const callbacks = []
let pending = false

function flushCallbacks () {
  pending = false
  const copies = callbacks.slice(0)
  callbacks.length = 0
  for (let i = 0; i < copies.length; i++) {
    copies[i]()
  }
}

// Here we have async deferring wrappers using microtasks.
// In 2.5 we used (macro) tasks (in combination with microtasks).
// However, it has subtle problems when state is changed right before repaint
// (e.g. #6813, out-in transitions).
// Also, using (macro) tasks in event handler would cause some weird behaviors
// that cannot be circumvented (e.g. #7109, #7153, #7546, #7834, #8109).
// So we now use microtasks everywhere, again.
// A major drawback of this tradeoff is that there are some scenarios
// where microtasks have too high a priority and fire in between supposedly
// sequential events (e.g. #4521, #6690, which have workarounds)
// or even between bubbling of the same event (#6566).
let timerFunc

// The nextTick behavior leverages the microtask queue, which can be accessed
// via either native Promise.then or MutationObserver.
// MutationObserver has wider support, however it is seriously bugged in
// UIWebView in iOS >= 9.3.3 when triggered in touch event handlers. It
// completely stops working after triggering a few times... so, if native
// Promise is available, we will use it:
/* istanbul ignore next, $flow-disable-line */
if (typeof Promise !== 'undefined' && isNative(Promise)) {
  const p = Promise.resolve()
  timerFunc = () => {
    p.then(flushCallbacks)
    // In problematic UIWebViews, Promise.then doesn't completely break, but
    // it can get stuck in a weird state where callbacks are pushed into the
    // microtask queue but the queue isn't being flushed, until the browser
    // needs to do some other work, e.g. handle a timer. Therefore we can
    // "force" the microtask queue to be flushed by adding an empty timer.
    if (isIOS) setTimeout(noop)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (!isIE && typeof MutationObserver !== 'undefined' && (
  isNative(MutationObserver) ||
  // PhantomJS and iOS 7.x
  MutationObserver.toString() === '[object MutationObserverConstructor]'
)) {
  // Use MutationObserver where native Promise is not available,
  // e.g. PhantomJS, iOS7, Android 4.4
  // (#6466 MutationObserver is unreliable in IE11)
  let counter = 1
  const observer = new MutationObserver(flushCallbacks)
  const textNode = document.createTextNode(String(counter))
  observer.observe(textNode, {
    characterData: true
  })
  timerFunc = () => {
    counter = (counter + 1) % 2
    textNode.data = String(counter)
  }
  isUsingMicroTask = true
} else if (typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' && isNative(setImmediate)) {
  // Fallback to setImmediate.
  // Technically it leverages the (macro) task queue,
  // but it is still a better choice than setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setImmediate(flushCallbacks)
  }
} else {
  // Fallback to setTimeout.
  timerFunc = () => {
    setTimeout(flushCallbacks, 0)
  }
}

export function nextTick (cb?: Function, ctx?: Object) {
  let _resolve
  callbacks.push(() => {
    if (cb) {
      try {
        cb.call(ctx)
      } catch (e) {
        handleError(e, ctx, 'nextTick')
      }
    } else if (_resolve) {
      _resolve(ctx)
    }
  })
  if (!pending) {
    pending = true
    timerFunc()
  }
  // $flow-disable-line
  if (!cb && typeof Promise !== 'undefined') {
    return new Promise(resolve => {
      _resolve = resolve
    })
  }
}

可以看到这里用了依次降级(Promise.then => MutationObserver => setImmediate => setTimeout)的方式创建了异步函数timerFunc ,
然后异步函数里循环执行之前添加过的函数。如果不传回调函数，那返回的就是一个promise，可以直接用then方法。这里callback用数组的原因是在一个循环中可以执行多个传入的函数，不会开启多个异步任务，而把这些异步任务都压成一个同步任务，在下一个 tick 执行完毕。
举个例子：

nextTick(f1)
nextTick(f1)
nextTick(f1)

这个时候callbacks中已经有f1,f2,f3了...然后一次性依次执行。

[检测变化的注意事项]

平常我们有三种情况不能被vue的响应式系统直接监听到：

1. 通过a.b = 1给对象新添加属性。
2. 通过arr[0] = 1直接给原数组的元素赋值。
3. 通过vm.items.length = newLength修改数组长度。

1的原因是因为data在初始化的时候已经完成了数据的响应式化，所以新添加的属性不是响应式的。
2和3的原因是因为vue的响应式只对数组本身做了响应式监听，而其元素并没有，length其实也算其一个属性。

对于1和2，vue提供了set方法：

export function set (target: Array<any> | Object, key: any, val: any): any {
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
    (isUndef(target) || isPrimitive(target))
  ) {
    warn(`Cannot set reactive property on undefined, null, or primitive value: ${(target: any)}`)
  }
  if (Array.isArray(target) && isValidArrayIndex(key)) {
    target.length = Math.max(target.length, key)
    target.splice(key, 1, val)
    return val
  }
  if (key in target && !(key in Object.prototype)) {
    target[key] = val
    return val
  }
  const ob = (target: any).__ob__
  if (target._isVue || (ob && ob.vmCount)) {
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
      'Avoid adding reactive properties to a Vue instance or its root $data ' +
      'at runtime - declare it upfront in the data option.'
    )
    return val
  }
  if (!ob) {
    target[key] = val
    return val
  }
  defineReactive(ob.value, key, val)
  ob.dep.notify()
  return val
}

• 对于target是一个数组，并且传入的索引是有效的，那么直接通过splice返回（这里的splice被重写了，等会讲）
• 对于本来就在对象中的属性，就不需要处理了，因为已经是响应式对象了
• 对于 Vue的实例和根data直接return
• 如果target不存在ob，说明这个对象不是一个响应式对象，就不添加了了。
• 否则通过defineReactive转为响应式对象并通过ob.dep.notify()派发更新。

再来看看被重写的数组方法：

/*
 * not type checking this file because flow doesn't play well with
 * dynamically accessing methods on Array prototype
 */

import { def } from '../util/index'

const arrayProto = Array.prototype
export const arrayMethods = Object.create(arrayProto)

const methodsToPatch = [
  'push',
  'pop',
  'shift',
  'unshift',
  'splice',
  'sort',
  'reverse'
]

/**
 * Intercept mutating methods and emit events
 */
methodsToPatch.forEach(function (method) {
  // cache original method
  const original = arrayProto[method]
  def(arrayMethods, method, function mutator (...args) {
    const result = original.apply(this, args)
    const ob = this.__ob__
    let inserted
    switch (method) {
      case 'push':
      case 'unshift':
        inserted = args
        break
      case 'splice':
        inserted = args.slice(2)
        break
    }
    if (inserted) ob.observeArray(inserted)
    // notify change
    ob.dep.notify()
    return result
  })
})

可以看到对于push,unshift,splice3种方法，最后都通过了observeArray将传进去的所有参数对象变成了响应式的并派发了更新。PS：Vue.delete用于数组也是基于splice的，而对象无需操作，最后也是通过ob.dep.notify()派发更新。

计算属性VS侦听属性

计算属性
先看他初始化的地方(src\core\instance\state.js)：

const computedWatcherOptions = { lazy: true }
function initComputed (vm: Component, computed: Object) {
  // $flow-disable-line
  const watchers = vm._computedWatchers = Object.create(null)
  // computed properties are just getters during SSR
  const isSSR = isServerRendering()

  for (const key in computed) {
    const userDef = computed[key]
    const getter = typeof userDef === 'function' ? userDef : userDef.get
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && getter == null) {
      warn(
        `Getter is missing for computed property "${key}".`,
        vm
      )
    }

    if (!isSSR) {
      // create internal watcher for the computed property.
      watchers[key] = new Watcher(
        vm,
        getter || noop,
        noop,
        computedWatcherOptions
      )
    }

    // component-defined computed properties are already defined on the
    // component prototype. We only need to define computed properties defined
    // at instantiation here.
    if (!(key in vm)) {
      defineComputed(vm, key, userDef)
    } else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      if (key in vm.$data) {
        warn(`The computed property "${key}" is already defined in data.`, vm)
      } else if (vm.$options.props && key in vm.$options.props) {
        warn(`The computed property "${key}" is already defined as a prop.`, vm)
      }
    }
  }
}

先创建了一个空对象watchers，然后把我们传进去的computed的key作为它的key，赋值一个new Watcher，这就是计算watcher，注意我们传了一个computedWatcherOptions进去，就是一个{lazy: true}.再回头看我们的watcher类的构造器：

  constructor (
    vm: Component,
    expOrFn: string | Function,
    cb: Function,
    options?: ?Object,
    isRenderWatcher?: boolean
  ) {
    this.vm = vm
    if (isRenderWatcher) {
      vm._watcher = this
    }
    vm._watchers.push(this)
    // options
    if (options) {
      this.deep = !!options.deep
      this.user = !!options.user
      this.lazy = !!options.lazy
      this.sync = !!options.sync
      this.before = options.before
    } else {
      this.deep = this.user = this.lazy = this.sync = false
    }
    this.cb = cb
    this.id = ++uid // uid for batching
    this.active = true
    this.dirty = this.lazy // for lazy watchers
    this.deps = []
    this.newDeps = []
    this.depIds = new Set()
    this.newDepIds = new Set()
    this.expression = process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production'
      ? expOrFn.toString()
      : ''
    // parse expression for getter
    if (typeof expOrFn === 'function') {
      this.getter = expOrFn
    } else {
      this.getter = parsePath(expOrFn)
      if (!this.getter) {
        this.getter = noop
        process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && warn(
          `Failed watching path: "${expOrFn}" ` +
          'Watcher only accepts simple dot-delimited paths. ' +
          'For full control, use a function instead.',
          vm
        )
      }
    }
    this.value = this.lazy
      ? undefined
      : this.get()
  }

可以看到最后如果我们的lazy是true就是一个计算watcher的话，那么是先不调用watcher的。
接着上面的initComputed看，接下来是执行了defineComputed(vm, key, userDef):

export function defineComputed (
  target: any,
  key: string,
  userDef: Object | Function
) {
  const shouldCache = !isServerRendering()
  if (typeof userDef === 'function') {
    sharedPropertyDefinition.get = shouldCache
      ? createComputedGetter(key)
      : createGetterInvoker(userDef)
    sharedPropertyDefinition.set = noop
  } else {
    sharedPropertyDefinition.get = userDef.get
      ? shouldCache && userDef.cache !== false
        ? createComputedGetter(key)
        : createGetterInvoker(userDef.get)
      : noop
    sharedPropertyDefinition.set = userDef.set || noop
  }
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
      sharedPropertyDefinition.set === noop) {
    sharedPropertyDefinition.set = function () {
      warn(
        `Computed property "${key}" was assigned to but it has no setter.`,
        this
      )
    }
  }
  Object.defineProperty(target, key, sharedPropertyDefinition)
}

可以看到如果需要缓存，那么返回一个函数，否则直接调用我们传进去的函数（就是computed的那些函数）,最后通过Object.defineProperty将我们computed的同名key添加到是vue的实例上，所以我们可以通过this.xxxx直接访问。看下createComputedGetter：

function createComputedGetter (key) {
  return function computedGetter () {
    const watcher = this._computedWatchers && this._computedWatchers[key]
    if (watcher) {
        console.log('computedGetter')
      if (watcher.dirty) {
        watcher.evaluate()
      }
      if (Dep.target) {
        watcher.depend()
      }
      return watcher.value
    }
  }
}

可以看到由于首次传的是lazy为true,这个dirty就是lazy，所以会先计算下watcher的值。然后开始收集依赖。接着调用了depend：

  depend () {
    let i = this.deps.length
    while (i--) {
      this.deps[i].depend()
    }
  }

即Dep.target将计算属性的依赖变成了自己的依赖。
这里有个疑问，为什么每次获取计算属性的值时都要进行依赖收集呢，而不是仅进行一次性的依赖收集？原因是，计算属性的依赖项可能会改变，这次有x个依赖项，下次可能有y个依赖项。比如三元表达式

那么每当依赖发生变化就会产生这么一条路径：
**dep.notify() => watcher.update(这个时候只是将lazy置位true) **
然后再次访问计算属性的值是会触发computedGetter去重新计算wathcer的值。
这个时候如果有渲染watcher订阅了这个计算watcher，那么会对比前后值是否一样，不一样才去重新渲染。
再来看侦听属性watch：

function initWatch (vm: Component, watch: Object) {
  for (const key in watch) {
    const handler = watch[key]
    if (Array.isArray(handler)) {
      for (let i = 0; i < handler.length; i++) {
        createWatcher(vm, key, handler[i])
      }
    } else {
      createWatcher(vm, key, handler)
    }
  }
}

function createWatcher (
  vm: Component,
  expOrFn: string | Function,
  handler: any,
  options?: Object
) {
  if (isPlainObject(handler)) {
    options = handler
    handler = handler.handler
  }
  if (typeof handler === 'string') {
    handler = vm[handler]
  }
  return vm.$watch(expOrFn, handler, options)
}

  Vue.prototype.$watch = function (
    expOrFn: string | Function,
    cb: any,
    options?: Object
  ): Function {
    const vm: Component = this
    if (isPlainObject(cb)) {
      return createWatcher(vm, expOrFn, cb, options)
    }
    options = options || {}
    options.user = true
    const watcher = new Watcher(vm, expOrFn, cb, options)
    if (options.immediate) {
      try {
        cb.call(vm, watcher.value)
      } catch (error) {
        handleError(error, vm, `callback for immediate watcher "${watcher.expression}"`)
      }
    }
    return function unwatchFn () {
      watcher.teardown()
    }
  }

可以看到无他，唯遍历添加watcher尔。

整理下所有的watcher；

1. deep watcher（递归添加watcher）
2. user watcher(用户的watcher)
3. computed watcher
4. sync watcher（可以在user watcher里配置）
5. renderwatcher（渲染 watcher，一般来说处的位置靠上）

组件更新

之前我们降到如果依赖发生变化，会触发组件更新，那么组件最后是怎么更新的，我们这边来了解下：

依赖发生变化 => watcher.getter => vm._update => vm.patch

  return function patch (oldVnode, vnode, hydrating, removeOnly) {
    //   console.log(123)
    if (isUndef(vnode)) {
      if (isDef(oldVnode)) invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
      return
    }

    let isInitialPatch = false
    const insertedVnodeQueue = []

    if (isUndef(oldVnode)) {
      // empty mount (likely as component), create new root element
      isInitialPatch = true
      createElm(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
    } else {
      const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType)
      if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) {
        // patch existing root node
        patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, null, null, removeOnly)
      } else {
        if (isRealElement) {
          // mounting to a real element
          // check if this is server-rendered content and if we can perform
          // a successful hydration.
          if (oldVnode.nodeType === 1 && oldVnode.hasAttribute(SSR_ATTR)) {
            oldVnode.removeAttribute(SSR_ATTR)
            hydrating = true
          }
          if (isTrue(hydrating)) {
            if (hydrate(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)) {
              invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, true)
              return oldVnode
            } else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
              warn(
                'The client-side rendered virtual DOM tree is not matching ' +
                'server-rendered content. This is likely caused by incorrect ' +
                'HTML markup, for example nesting block-level elements inside ' +
                '<p>, or missing <tbody>. Bailing hydration and performing ' +
                'full client-side render.'
              )
            }
          }
          // either not server-rendered, or hydration failed.
          // create an empty node and replace it
          oldVnode = emptyNodeAt(oldVnode)
        }

        // replacing existing element
        const oldElm = oldVnode.elm
        const parentElm = nodeOps.parentNode(oldElm)//找了oldELm的父node（实际上的DOM元素）

        // create new node
        createElm(
          vnode,
          insertedVnodeQueue,
          // extremely rare edge case: do not insert if old element is in a
          // leaving transition. Only happens when combining transition +
          // keep-alive + HOCs. (#4590)
          oldElm._leaveCb ? null : parentElm,
          nodeOps.nextSibling(oldElm)
        )

        // update parent placeholder node element, recursively
        if (isDef(vnode.parent)) {
          let ancestor = vnode.parent
          const patchable = isPatchable(vnode)
          while (ancestor) {
            for (let i = 0; i < cbs.destroy.length; ++i) {
              cbs.destroy[i](ancestor)
            }
            ancestor.elm = vnode.elm
            if (patchable) {
              for (let i = 0; i < cbs.create.length; ++i) {
                cbs.create[i](emptyNode, ancestor)
              }
              // #6513
              // invoke insert hooks that may have been merged by create hooks.
              // e.g. for directives that uses the "inserted" hook.
              const insert = ancestor.data.hook.insert
              if (insert.merged) {
                // start at index 1 to avoid re-invoking component mounted hook
                for (let i = 1; i < insert.fns.length; i++) {
                  insert.fns[i]()
                }
              }
            } else {
              registerRef(ancestor)
            }
            ancestor = ancestor.parent
          }
        }

        // destroy old node
        if (isDef(parentElm)) {
          removeVnodes([oldVnode], 0, 0)
        } else if (isDef(oldVnode.tag)) {
          invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
        }
      }
    }

    invokeInsertHook(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, isInitialPatch)
    return vnode.elm
  }

由于这次存在oldVnode，走else分支：

先通过sameVnode判断是不是同一个vnode：

function sameVnode (a, b) {//判定是否是同一个vnode
  return (
    a.key === b.key && (
      (
        a.tag === b.tag &&
        a.isComment === b.isComment &&
        isDef(a.data) === isDef(b.data) &&
        sameInputType(a, b)
      ) || (
        isTrue(a.isAsyncPlaceholder) &&
        a.asyncFactory === b.asyncFactory &&
        isUndef(b.asyncFactory.error)
      )
    )
  )
}

就是按照这么一段逻辑判断：
key => tag => isComment => data => sameInputType
异步组件则通过asyncFactory（常用的就是() => import(xxxx)）判断.
如果新旧节点不同，那么主要份3步进行：

1. 创建新节点
2. 更新父的占位节点
3. 删除旧节点

创建新节点

        // replacing existing element
        const oldElm = oldVnode.elm
        const parentElm = nodeOps.parentNode(oldElm)//找了oldELm的父node（实际上的DOM元素）

        // create new node
        createElm(
          vnode,
          insertedVnodeQueue,
          // extremely rare edge case: do not insert if old element is in a
          // leaving transition. Only happens when combining transition +
          // keep-alive + HOCs. (#4590)
          oldElm._leaveCb ? null : parentElm,
          nodeOps.nextSibling(oldElm)
        )

更新父的占位节点

        if (isDef(vnode.parent)) {
          let ancestor = vnode.parent
          const patchable = isPatchable(vnode)
          while (ancestor) {
            for (let i = 0; i < cbs.destroy.length; ++i) {
              cbs.destroy[i](ancestor)
            }
            ancestor.elm = vnode.elm
            if (patchable) {
              for (let i = 0; i < cbs.create.length; ++i) {
                cbs.create[i](emptyNode, ancestor)
              }
              // #6513
              // invoke insert hooks that may have been merged by create hooks.
              // e.g. for directives that uses the "inserted" hook.
              const insert = ancestor.data.hook.insert
              if (insert.merged) {
                // start at index 1 to avoid re-invoking component mounted hook
                for (let i = 1; i < insert.fns.length; i++) {
                  insert.fns[i]()
                }
              }
            } else {
              registerRef(ancestor)
            }
            ancestor = ancestor.parent
          }
        }

删除旧节点

        // destroy old node
        if (isDef(parentElm)) {
          removeVnodes([oldVnode], 0, 0)
        } else if (isDef(oldVnode.tag)) {
          invokeDestroyHook(oldVnode)
        }

删除节点逻辑很简单，就是遍历待删除的 vnodes 做删除，其中 removeAndInvokeRemoveHook 的作用是从 DOM 中移除节点并执行 module 的 remove 钩子函数，并对它的子节点递归调用 removeAndInvokeRemoveHook 函数；invokeDestroyHook 是执行 module 的 destory 钩子函数以及 vnode 的 destory 钩子函数，并对它的子 vnode 递归调用 invokeDestroyHook 函数；removeNode 就是调用平台的 DOM API 去把真正的 DOM 节点移除。
在之前介绍组件生命周期的时候提到 beforeDestroy & destroyed 这两个生命周期钩子函数，它们就是在执行 invokeDestroyHook 过程中，执行了 vnode 的 destory 钩子函数，它的定义在 src/core/vdom/create-component.js 中：

const componentVNodeHooks = {
  destroy (vnode: MountedComponentVNode) {
    const { componentInstance } = vnode
    if (!componentInstance._isDestroyed) {
      if (!vnode.data.keepAlive) {
        componentInstance.$destroy()
      } else {
        deactivateChildComponent(componentInstance, true /* direct */)
      }
    }
  }
}

当组件并不是 keepAlive 的时候，会执行 componentInstance.$destroy() 方法，然后就会执行 beforeDestroy & destroyed 两个钩子函数。

当两个vnode相同的时候开始执行patchVnode:

  function patchVnode (
    oldVnode,
    vnode,
    insertedVnodeQueue,
    ownerArray,
    index,
    removeOnly
  ) {
    if (oldVnode === vnode) {
      return
    }

    if (isDef(vnode.elm) && isDef(ownerArray)) {
      // clone reused vnode
      vnode = ownerArray[index] = cloneVNode(vnode)
    }

    const elm = vnode.elm = oldVnode.elm

    if (isTrue(oldVnode.isAsyncPlaceholder)) {
      if (isDef(vnode.asyncFactory.resolved)) {
        hydrate(oldVnode.elm, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
      } else {
        vnode.isAsyncPlaceholder = true
      }
      return
    }

    // reuse element for static trees.
    // note we only do this if the vnode is cloned -
    // if the new node is not cloned it means the render functions have been
    // reset by the hot-reload-api and we need to do a proper re-render.
    if (isTrue(vnode.isStatic) &&
      isTrue(oldVnode.isStatic) &&
      vnode.key === oldVnode.key &&
      (isTrue(vnode.isCloned) || isTrue(vnode.isOnce))
    ) {
      vnode.componentInstance = oldVnode.componentInstance
      return
    }

    let i
    const data = vnode.data
    if (isDef(data) && isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.prepatch)) {
      i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }

    const oldCh = oldVnode.children
    const ch = vnode.children
    if (isDef(data) && isPatchable(vnode)) {
      for (i = 0; i < cbs.update.length; ++i) cbs.update[i](oldVnode, vnode)
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.update)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
    if (isUndef(vnode.text)) {
      if (isDef(oldCh) && isDef(ch)) {
        if (oldCh !== ch) updateChildren(elm, oldCh, ch, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly)
      } else if (isDef(ch)) {
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
          checkDuplicateKeys(ch)
        }
        if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, '')
        addVnodes(elm, null, ch, 0, ch.length - 1, insertedVnodeQueue)
      } else if (isDef(oldCh)) {
        removeVnodes(oldCh, 0, oldCh.length - 1)
      } else if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) {
        nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, '')
      }
    } else if (oldVnode.text !== vnode.text) {
      nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, vnode.text)
    }
    if (isDef(data)) {
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.postpatch)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
  }

这里也大致分为4个步骤：

1. 执行prepatch钩子函数

    let i
    const data = vnode.data
    if (isDef(data) && isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.prepatch)) {
      i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }

看下prepatch的定义：

  prepatch (oldVnode: MountedComponentVNode, vnode: MountedComponentVNode) {
    const options = vnode.componentOptions
    const child = vnode.componentInstance = oldVnode.componentInstance
    updateChildComponent(
      child,
      options.propsData, // updated props
      options.listeners, // updated listeners
      vnode, // new parent vnode
      options.children // new children
    )
  },

prepatch 方法就是拿到新的 vnode 的组件配置以及组件实例，去执行 updateChildComponent 方法，它的定义在 src/core/instance/lifecycle.js 中：

export function updateChildComponent (
  vm: Component,
  propsData: ?Object,
  listeners: ?Object,
  parentVnode: MountedComponentVNode,
  renderChildren: ?Array<VNode>
) {
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
    isUpdatingChildComponent = true
  }

  // determine whether component has slot children
  // we need to do this before overwriting $options._renderChildren.

  // check if there are dynamic scopedSlots (hand-written or compiled but with
  // dynamic slot names). Static scoped slots compiled from template has the
  // "$stable" marker.
  const newScopedSlots = parentVnode.data.scopedSlots
  const oldScopedSlots = vm.$scopedSlots
  const hasDynamicScopedSlot = !!(
    (newScopedSlots && !newScopedSlots.$stable) ||
    (oldScopedSlots !== emptyObject && !oldScopedSlots.$stable) ||
    (newScopedSlots && vm.$scopedSlots.$key !== newScopedSlots.$key)
  )

  // Any static slot children from the parent may have changed during parent's
  // update. Dynamic scoped slots may also have changed. In such cases, a forced
  // update is necessary to ensure correctness.
  const needsForceUpdate = !!(
    renderChildren ||               // has new static slots
    vm.$options._renderChildren ||  // has old static slots
    hasDynamicScopedSlot
  )

  vm.$options._parentVnode = parentVnode
  vm.$vnode = parentVnode // update vm's placeholder node without re-render

  if (vm._vnode) { // update child tree's parent
    vm._vnode.parent = parentVnode
  }
  vm.$options._renderChildren = renderChildren

  // update $attrs and $listeners hash
  // these are also reactive so they may trigger child update if the child
  // used them during render
  vm.$attrs = parentVnode.data.attrs || emptyObject
  vm.$listeners = listeners || emptyObject

  // update props
  if (propsData && vm.$options.props) {
    toggleObserving(false)
    const props = vm._props
    const propKeys = vm.$options._propKeys || []
    for (let i = 0; i < propKeys.length; i++) {
      const key = propKeys[i]
      const propOptions: any = vm.$options.props // wtf flow?
      props[key] = validateProp(key, propOptions, propsData, vm)
    }
    toggleObserving(true)
    // keep a copy of raw propsData
    vm.$options.propsData = propsData
  }

  // update listeners
  listeners = listeners || emptyObject
  const oldListeners = vm.$options._parentListeners
  vm.$options._parentListeners = listeners
  updateComponentListeners(vm, listeners, oldListeners)

  // resolve slots + force update if has children
  if (needsForceUpdate) {
    vm.$slots = resolveSlots(renderChildren, parentVnode.context)
    vm.$forceUpdate()
  }

  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
    isUpdatingChildComponent = false
  }
}

就是更新了vnode.

2. 执行 update 钩子函数

    if (isDef(data) && isPatchable(vnode)) {
      for (i = 0; i < cbs.update.length; ++i) cbs.update[i](oldVnode, vnode)
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.update)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }

3. 完成 patch 过程

    const oldCh = oldVnode.children
    const ch = vnode.children
    if (isDef(data) && isPatchable(vnode)) {
      for (i = 0; i < cbs.update.length; ++i) cbs.update[i](oldVnode, vnode)
      if (isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.update)) i(oldVnode, vnode)
    }
    if (isUndef(vnode.text)) {
      if (isDef(oldCh) && isDef(ch)) {
        if (oldCh !== ch) updateChildren(elm, oldCh, ch, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly)
      } else if (isDef(ch)) {
        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
          checkDuplicateKeys(ch)
        }
        if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, '')
        addVnodes(elm, null, ch, 0, ch.length - 1, insertedVnodeQueue)
      } else if (isDef(oldCh)) {
        removeVnodes(oldCh, 0, oldCh.length - 1)
      } else if (isDef(oldVnode.text)) {
        nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, '')
      }
    } else if (oldVnode.text !== vnode.text) {
      nodeOps.setTextContent(elm, vnode.text)
    }

大致逻辑是这样的：

1. 新节点存在文本节点的情况下，当旧节点的子节点和新节点的子节点都存在的情况下，开始diff算法，等会讲。
2. 当旧节点没有子节点的情况下，检查新节点子节点的key的重复性.如果旧节点存在文本节点，则清空文本节点。然后批量将新节点的子节点添加到elem后面
3. 如果旧节点存在子节点，则移除所以的子节点。
4. 如果新节点没有子节点但是旧节点有子节点，则清空旧节点的文本内容
5. 若新旧节点文本内容不同则替换。
   然来开看第一步的diff算法：

  function updateChildren (parentElm, oldCh, newCh, insertedVnodeQueue, removeOnly) {
    let oldStartIdx = 0
    let newStartIdx = 0
    let oldEndIdx = oldCh.length - 1
    let oldStartVnode = oldCh[0]
    let oldEndVnode = oldCh[oldEndIdx]
    let newEndIdx = newCh.length - 1
    let newStartVnode = newCh[0]
    let newEndVnode = newCh[newEndIdx]
    let oldKeyToIdx, idxInOld, vnodeToMove, refElm

    // removeOnly is a special flag used only by <transition-group>
    // to ensure removed elements stay in correct relative positions
    // during leaving transitions
    const canMove = !removeOnly

    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      checkDuplicateKeys(newCh)
    }

    while (oldStartIdx <= oldEndIdx && newStartIdx <= newEndIdx) {
        debugger
      if (isUndef(oldStartVnode)) {
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx] // Vnode has been moved left
      } else if (isUndef(oldEndVnode)) {
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode)) {
        patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newStartIdx)
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode)) {
        patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newEndIdx)
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
        newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode)) { // Vnode moved right
        patchVnode(oldStartVnode, newEndVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newEndIdx)
        canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, nodeOps.nextSibling(oldEndVnode.elm))
        oldStartVnode = oldCh[++oldStartIdx]
        newEndVnode = newCh[--newEndIdx]
      } else if (sameVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode)) { // Vnode moved left
        patchVnode(oldEndVnode, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newStartIdx)
        canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, oldEndVnode.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
        oldEndVnode = oldCh[--oldEndIdx]
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      } else {
        if (isUndef(oldKeyToIdx)) oldKeyToIdx = createKeyToOldIdx(oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
        idxInOld = isDef(newStartVnode.key)
          ? oldKeyToIdx[newStartVnode.key]
          : findIdxInOld(newStartVnode, oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
        if (isUndef(idxInOld)) { // New element
          createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, false, newCh, newStartIdx)
        } else {
          vnodeToMove = oldCh[idxInOld]
          if (sameVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode)) {
            patchVnode(vnodeToMove, newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, newCh, newStartIdx)
            oldCh[idxInOld] = undefined
            canMove && nodeOps.insertBefore(parentElm, vnodeToMove.elm, oldStartVnode.elm)
          } else {
            // same key but different element. treat as new element
            createElm(newStartVnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, oldStartVnode.elm, false, newCh, newStartIdx)
          }
        }
        newStartVnode = newCh[++newStartIdx]
      }
    }
    if (oldStartIdx > oldEndIdx) {
      refElm = isUndef(newCh[newEndIdx + 1]) ? null : newCh[newEndIdx + 1].elm
      addVnodes(parentElm, refElm, newCh, newStartIdx, newEndIdx, insertedVnodeQueue)
    } else if (newStartIdx > newEndIdx) {
      removeVnodes(oldCh, oldStartIdx, oldEndIdx)
    }
  }

diff算法其实遵循几个原则：

1. 能移动就移动
2. 先比头和尾
3. 头尾比不了，就找中间key或索引一样的比，然后添加到旧头
4. 新vnode较长则在旧vnode上添加node,较短则删除。

props

在Vue的初始化的时候有这么一个流程：

规范化：
initGlobalAPI(Vue) => initMixin(Vue) => mergeOptions => normalizeProps
当 props 是一个数组，每一个数组元素 prop 只能是一个 string，表示 prop 的 key，转成驼峰格式，prop 的类型为空。

当 props 是一个对象，对于 props 中每个 prop 的 key，我们会转驼峰格式，而它的 value，如果不是一个对象，我们就把它规范成一个对象。
如果 props 既不是数组也不是对象，就抛出一个警告。
初始化：

function initProps (vm: Component, propsOptions: Object) {
  const propsData = vm.$options.propsData || {}
  const props = vm._props = {}
  // cache prop keys so that future props updates can iterate using Array
  // instead of dynamic object key enumeration.
  const keys = vm.$options._propKeys = []
  const isRoot = !vm.$parent
  // root instance props should be converted
  if (!isRoot) {
    toggleObserving(false)
  }
  for (const key in propsOptions) {
    keys.push(key)
    const value = validateProp(key, propsOptions, propsData, vm)
    /* istanbul ignore else */
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      const hyphenatedKey = hyphenate(key)
      if (isReservedAttribute(hyphenatedKey) ||
          config.isReservedAttr(hyphenatedKey)) {
        warn(
          `"${hyphenatedKey}" is a reserved attribute and cannot be used as component prop.`,
          vm
        )
      }
      defineReactive(props, key, value, () => {
        if (!isRoot && !isUpdatingChildComponent) {
          warn(
            `Avoid mutating a prop directly since the value will be ` +
            `overwritten whenever the parent component re-renders. ` +
            `Instead, use a data or computed property based on the prop's ` +
            `value. Prop being mutated: "${key}"`,
            vm
          )
        }
      })
    } else {
      defineReactive(props, key, value)
    }
    // static props are already proxied on the component's prototype
    // during Vue.extend(). We only need to proxy props defined at
    // instantiation here.
    if (!(key in vm)) {
      proxy(vm, `_props`, key)
    }
  }
  toggleObserving(true)
}

initProps 主要做 3 件事情：校验、响应式和代理。
校验

export function validateProp (
  key: string,
  propOptions: Object,
  propsData: Object,
  vm?: Component
): any {
  const prop = propOptions[key]
  const absent = !hasOwn(propsData, key)
  let value = propsData[key]
  // boolean casting
  const booleanIndex = getTypeIndex(Boolean, prop.type)
  if (booleanIndex > -1) {
    if (absent && !hasOwn(prop, 'default')) {
      value = false
    } else if (value === '' || value === hyphenate(key)) {
      // only cast empty string / same name to boolean if
      // boolean has higher priority
      const stringIndex = getTypeIndex(String, prop.type)
      if (stringIndex < 0 || booleanIndex < stringIndex) {
        value = true
      }
    }
  }
  // check default value
  if (value === undefined) {
    value = getPropDefaultValue(vm, prop, key)
    // since the default value is a fresh copy,
    // make sure to observe it.
    const prevShouldObserve = shouldObserve
    toggleObserving(true)
    observe(value)
    toggleObserving(prevShouldObserve)
  }
  if (
    process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
    // skip validation for weex recycle-list child component props
    !(__WEEX__ && isObject(value) && ('@binding' in value))
  ) {
    assertProp(prop, key, value, vm, absent)
  }
  return value
}

validateProp 主要就做 3 件事情：处理 Boolean 类型的数据，处理默认数据，prop 断言，并最终返回 prop 的值。
Boolean 类型特殊处理

若是定义prop的type时，Boolean为其中之一，则可能有如下情况，则重新设置该prop的值。

1. 无值且无默认值的情况：调用组件时未传入prop的值 && prop定义时未设置默认值，则将prop的值置为false

2. 针对布尔特性的情况：调用组件时传入的prop的值为空字符串 || prop的值为key的连字符形式，则可能出现如下情况：

   • 该prop指定的类型里没有String，则将prop的值置为true
   • 该prop指定的类型里有String，但是Boolean类型在String之前，则将prop的值置为false

经过以上Boolean类型的处理之后，若是prop的值仍为undefined，则将获取prop的默认值。

非Boolean类型的默认值

1. default是函数 && prop配置的type里没有Function，则返回该函数调用后的返回值作为默认值
2. default是函数 && prop配置的type里有Function，则返回该函数作为默认值
3. default为非函数类型，则返回该default值作为默认值

验证

• 需要做以下三个验证
• case 1: 验证 required 属性
• case 2: prop 定义时是 required，但是调用组件时没有传递该值（警告）
• case 3: prop 定义时是非 required 的，且 value === null || value === undefined（符合要求，返回）
• case 4: 验证 type 属性-- value 的类型必须是 type 数组里的其中之一
• case 5: 验证自定义验证函数

响应式

defineReactive(props, key, value)

代理

defineReactive(props, key, value)

proxy(vm, `_props`, key)

总结：

1. 创建响应式对象：

observe(xxx) => xxx是数组 ？递归observe ：walk(调用defineReactive), observe整个动作是vue核心库需要的，最后变成响应式对象是靠defineReactive实现的。

依赖收集和派发更新有2个概念：

1. dep ,这是一个包含 依赖id， 订阅者（watcher）， 依赖数组的类，这类主要是用来管理watcher的。
2. watcher，这个类的作用主要是数据发生变化的时候，调用各个方法产生计算和更改视图的，包含了各种属性。

2. 依赖收集：

依赖收集发生在数据属性的get阶段。干了这么一件事：
将当前wather变成持有这个dep的订阅者。

依赖收集要清空原来依赖，使用的新的依赖。防止重复订阅的浪费。

3. 派发更新：

派发更新主要发生在数据属性的set阶段, 做了这么几个步骤：

1. 判断新值和旧值如果相等或者同为NaN,则直接返回。
2. 通过observe将新值变为响应式对象
3. 通过dep.notify()派发更新。

派发更新的流程：
值发生改变 => dep.notify()=> 遍历触发订阅的wathcer的update=> 根据是否同步等条件最后触发watcher.run方法(渲染函数触发get执行更新DOM)=> 触发watcher的回调（用户可以拿到新值和旧值）

4. [检测变化的注意事项]

通过a.b = 1给对象新添加属性。
通过arr[0] = 1直接给原数组的元素赋值。
通过vm.items.length = newLength修改数组长度。
上述3中可以通过set方法变成响应式。核心还是通过defineReactive和dep.notify()

5. 计算属性VS侦听属性

1. 计算属性在创建wathcer的时候会置上一个标志位lazy,做了2层优化；

   1. 在初始化的时候不会去计算
   2. 在更新时候比较前后值是否一样否则不会渲染（这是所有相应是数据都一样）。

2. watch
   就是通过traverse做了递归响应式。
   watcher的种类：
   deep watcher（递归添加watcher）
   user watcher(用户的watcher)
   computed watcher
   sync watcher（可以在user watcher里配置）
   renderwatcher（渲染 watcher，一般来说处的位置靠上）

6. 组件更新：

说下数据变化到更新整个流程：

依赖发生变化 => watcher.getter => vm._update => vm.patch

判断是否已是同一个节点的逻辑：
key => tag => isComment => data => sameInputType

如果新旧节点不同，那么主要分3步进行：

1. 创建新节点
2. 更新父的占位节点
3. 删除旧节点

如果新旧节点相同：

1. 执行prepatch钩子函数（去拿新的 vnode 的组件配置以及组件实例，去执行 updateChildComponent 方法）
2. 执行 update 钩子函数
3. 完成 patch 过程

patch大致逻辑是这样的：

1. 新节点存在文本节点的情况下，当旧节点的子节点和新节点的子节点都存在的情况下，开始diff算法。
2. 当旧节点没有子节点的情况下，检查新节点子节点的key的重复性.如果旧节点存在文本节点，则清空文本节点。然后批量将新节点的子节点添加到elem后面
3. 如果旧节点存在子节点，则移除所以的子节点。
4. 如果新节点没有子节点但是旧节点有子节点，则清空旧节点的文本内容
5. 若新旧节点文本内容不同则替换。

diff算法其实遵循几个原则：

能移动就移动
先比头和尾
头尾比不了，就找中间key或索引一样的比，然后添加到旧头
新vnode较长则在旧vnode上添加node,较短则删除。

7. Props;

1. 规范化
   当 props 是一个数组，每一个数组元素 prop 只能是一个 string，表示 prop 的 key，转成驼峰格式，prop 的类型为空。
   当 props 是一个对象，对于 props 中每个 prop 的 key，我们会转驼峰格式，而它的 value，如果不是一个对象，我们就把它规范成一个对象。
   如果 props 既不是数组也不是对象，就抛出一个警告。
2. 初始化(校验、响应式和代理)

释疑：
1. 为什么说Vue是异步更新，因为dep.notify()调用了watcher的udpate方法，这个方法调用了queueWatcher方方法，最终调用了nextTick这个异步方法，所以是异步更新的。
2. 因为在依赖收集阶段如果碰到对象里面的属性是数组的，我们对该属性是没有做依赖收集的，我们对对象属性的值判断是通过===来看他是否发生变化的，因此数组元素的变化是无法触发更新的
我们能在watch拿到新值和旧值的原因是因为在wather执行run的时候，会将新旧值传到回调里
3. push， unshift， splice是响应式操作的原因是Vue重写了这3个方法。
4. 为什么每次获取计算属性的值时都要进行依赖收集呢，而不是仅进行一次性的依赖收集？原因是，计算属性的依赖项可能会改变，这次有x个依赖项，下次可能有y个依赖项。比如三元表达式

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