Java8

lambda表达式与方法引用

• lambda表达式

1. 一般形式：

     (a,b)->a+b;
     (a,b)->{
     statement;
     return value;
     }
   

2. 变量作用域
   lambda类似于匿名函数，不过lambda表达式没有新的变量作用

import java.util.function.Consumer;

 public class LambdaScopeTest {

  public int x = 0;

  class FirstLevel {

      public int x = 1;

      void methodInFirstLevel(int x) {
          
          // The following statement causes the compiler to generate
          // the error "local variables referenced from a lambda expression
          // must be final or effectively final" in statement A:
          //
          // x = 99;
          
          Consumer<Integer> myConsumer = (y) -> 
          {
              System.out.println("x = " + x); // Statement A
              System.out.println("y = " + y);
              System.out.println("this.x = " + this.x);
              System.out.println("LambdaScopeTest.this.x = " +
                  LambdaScopeTest.this.x);
          };

          myConsumer.accept(x);

      }
  }

  public static void main(String... args) {
      LambdaScopeTest st = new LambdaScopeTest();
      LambdaScopeTest.FirstLevel fl = st.new FirstLevel();
      fl.methodInFirstLevel(23);
  }
}

结果输出：

x = 23
y = 23
this.x = 1
LambdaScopeTest.this.x = 0

如果将上面lambda表达式中的y换为x

        Consumer<Integer> myConsumer = (x) -> {
            // ...
        }

编译器将产生变量已定义的错误

• 方法引用

种类	Example
静态方法	ContainingClass::staticMethodName
指定对象的实例的方法	containingObject::instanceMethodName
任意对象实例的特定类型的方法	ContainingType::methodName
构造方法	ClassName::new

e.g:

1. 静态方法：

public class Person {
  ........
    public static int compareByAge(Person a, Person b) {
        return a.birthday.compareTo(b.birthday);
    }}

  Arrays.sort(rosterAsArray, Person::compareByAge);

2. 对象的实例的方法

class ComparisonProvider {
  public int compareByName(Person a, Person b) {
      return a.getName().compareTo(b.getName());
  }
      
  public int compareByAge(Person a, Person b) {
      return a.getBirthday().compareTo(b.getBirthday());
  }
}
ComparisonProvider myComparisonProvider = new ComparisonProvider();
Arrays.sort(rosterAsArray, myComparisonProvider::compareByName);

3. 基本类型的发放

String[] stringArray = { "Barbara", "James", "Mary", "John",
  "Patricia", "Robert", "Michael", "Linda" };
Arrays.sort(stringArray, String::compareToIgnoreCase);

4. 构造方法

public static <T, SOURCE extends Collection<T>, DEST extends 
Collection<T>>
    DEST transferElements(
        SOURCE sourceCollection,
        Supplier<DEST> collectionFactory) {
        DEST result = collectionFactory.get();
        for (T t : sourceCollection) {
             result.add(t);
        }
        return result;
}
/*The functional interface Supplier contains one method get that 
*takes no arguments and returns an object. Consequently, you can 
*invoke the method transferElements with a lambda expression as 
*follows:
*/

Set<Person> rosterSetLambda =
    transferElements(roster, () -> { return new HashSet<>(); });
/*You can use a constructor reference in place of the lambda expression as follows:*/

Set<Person> rosterSet = transferElements(roster, HashSet::new);
/*The Java compiler infers that you want to create a HashSet 
*collection that contains elements of type Person. Alternatively, you 
*can specify this as follows:
*/
Set<Person> rosterSet = transferElements(roster, HashSet<Person>::new);

默认方法

java8 中可以给 使用default 给 interface 添加默认方法，添加的默认方法为 public方法，继承了有默认方法的接口，可以对默认方法做一下操作:

1. 不理会默认方法，这样子类使用接口中的方法。
2. 再次声明默认方法，将默认方法变为抽象方法。
3. overrides 默认方法

接口中还可以使用static 关键字定义静态方法。

聚合操作

java 8新增了java.util.stream包，这个包主要提供了streams 和聚合操作的接口和类
简单的实例：

roster
    .stream()
    .filter(e -> e.getGender() == Person.Sex.MALE)
    .forEach(e -> System.out.println(e.getName()));

一系列的聚合操作被称为pipeline
JDK文档中对pipeline的定义是：pipeline包含一个source,0个或多个中间操作(像filter),和一个终结操作(例子中的forEach())
聚合操作有利于并行计算，可提高CPU使用效率。

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参考:Enhancements in Java SE 8