Android 进程优先级和 LowMemoryKiller 机

接上篇

三 Low Memory Killer

Andorid的 Low Memory Killer 是在标准的linux lernel的 OOM 基础上修改而来的一种内存管理机制。当系统内存不足时，杀死不必要的进程释放其内存。不必要的进程的选择根据有2个：oom_adj和占用的内存的大小。oom_adj 代表进程的优先级，数值越高，优先级越低，越容易被杀死；对应每个oom_adj都可以有一个空闲进程的阀值。Android Kernel每隔一段时间会检测当前空闲内存是否低于某个阀值。假如是，则杀死oom_adj最大的不必要的进程，如果有多个，就根据 oom_score_adj 去杀死进程，，直到内存恢复低于阀值的状态。

LowMemoryKiller 的阈值的设定，主要保存在2个文件之中，分别是:

• /sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/adj
• /sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/minfree

adj保存着当前系统杀进程的等级，minfree则是保存着对应的内存阀值。

Nexus6 Android7.0 系统的设置(源码编译的 OS，可能和最终设备不一样)：

shamu:/ # cat /sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/adj
0,100,200,300,900,906
shamu:/ # cat /sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/minfree
18432,23040,27648,32256,36864,46080

例如：将1,6写入节点/sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/adj，将1024,8192写入节点/sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters/minfree。

策略：当系统可用内存低于8192个pages时，则会杀掉oom_score_adj>=6的进程；当系统可用内存低于1024个pages时，则会杀掉oom_score_adj>=1的进程。

3.1 lmkd 守护进程

LMK 的进程是lmkd守护进程，随着系统的启动而启动的。实现源码要在system/core/lmkd/lmkd.c。

lmkd会创建名为lmkd的socket，节点位于/dev/socket/lmkd，该socket用于跟上层framework交互。

service lmkd /system/bin/lmkd
    class core
    critical
    socket lmkd seqpacket 0660 system system
    writepid /dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks 

lmkd 会接收 Framework 的命令，进行相应的操作：

功能	命令	对应方法
LMK_PROCPRIO	设置进程adj	PL.setOomAdj()
LMK_TARGET	更新oom_adj	PL.updateOomLevels()
LMK_PROCREMOVE	移除进程	PL.remove()

lmkd socket 命令处理

static void ctrl_command_handler(void) {
    int ibuf[CTRL_PACKET_MAX / sizeof(int)];
    int len;
    int cmd = -1;
    int nargs;
    int targets;
    len = ctrl_data_read((char *)ibuf, CTRL_PACKET_MAX);
    if (len <= 0)
        return;
    nargs = len / sizeof(int) - 1;
    if (nargs < 0)
        goto wronglen;
    //将网络字节顺序转换为主机字节顺序
    cmd = ntohl(ibuf[0]);
    switch(cmd) {
    case LMK_TARGET:
        targets = nargs / 2;
        if (nargs & 0x1 || targets > (int)ARRAY_SIZE(lowmem_adj))
            goto wronglen;
        cmd_target(targets, &ibuf[1]);
        break;
    case LMK_PROCPRIO:
        if (nargs != 3)
            goto wronglen;
        //设置进程adj
        cmd_procprio(ntohl(ibuf[1]), ntohl(ibuf[2]), ntohl(ibuf[3]));
        break;
    case LMK_PROCREMOVE:
        if (nargs != 1)
            goto wronglen;
        cmd_procremove(ntohl(ibuf[1]));
        break;
    default:
        ALOGE("Received unknown command code %d", cmd);
        return;
    }
    return;
wronglen:
    ALOGE("Wrong control socket read length cmd=%d len=%d", cmd, len);
}

设置进程 adj

static void cmd_procprio(int pid, int uid, int oomadj) {
    struct proc *procp;
    char path[80];
    char val[20];
    ...
    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%d/oom_score_adj", pid);
    snprintf(val, sizeof(val), "%d", oomadj);
    // 向节点/proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj写入oomadj
    writefilestring(path, val);

    // 当使用kernel方式则直接返回
    if (use_inkernel_interface)
        return;
    procp = pid_lookup(pid);
    if (!procp) {
            procp = malloc(sizeof(struct proc));
            if (!procp) {
                // Oh, the irony.  May need to rebuild our state.
                return;
            }
            procp->pid = pid;
            procp->uid = uid;
            procp->oomadj = oomadj;
            proc_insert(procp);
    } else {
        proc_unslot(procp);
        procp->oomadj = oomadj;
        proc_slot(procp);
    }
}

向节点/proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj写入oom_adj。由于use_inkernel_interface=1，那么再接下里需要看看 kernel 的情况。

小结：

use_inkernel_interface该值后续应该会逐渐采用用户空间策略。不过目前仍为use_inkernel_interface=1则有：

• LMK_TARGET：AMS.updateConfiguration()的过程中调用updateOomLevels()方法, 分别向/sys/module/lowmemorykiller/parameters目录下的minfree和adj节点写入相应信息；
• LMK_PROCPRIO: AMS.applyOomAdjLocked()的过程中调用setOomAdj(),向/proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj写入oomadj 后直接返回；
• LMK_PROCREMOVE：AMS.handleAppDiedLocked或者 AMS.cleanUpApplicationRecordLocked()的过程,调用remove(),目前不做任何事,直接返回；

3.2 LowMemoryKiller Kernel driver

lowmemorykiller driver 位于 drivers/staging/android/lowmemorykiller.c

lowmemorykiller

static struct shrinker lowmem_shrinker = {
    .shrink = lowmem_shrink,
    .seeks = DEFAULT_SEEKS * 16
};

static int __init lowmem_init(void)
{
    register_shrinker(&lowmem_shrinker);
    vmpressure_notifier_register(&lmk_vmpr_nb);
    return 0;
}

static void __exit lowmem_exit(void)
{
    unregister_shrinker(&lowmem_shrinker);
}

通过 register_shrinker和unregister_shrinker分别用于初始化和退出。

shrinker

LMK驱动通过注册 shrinker 来实现的，shrinker是linux kernel标准的回收内存page的机制，由内核线程kswapd负责监控。

当内存不足时kswapd线程会遍历一张shrinker链表，并回调已注册的shrinker函数来回收内存page，kswapd还会周期性唤醒来执行内存操作。每个zone维护active_list和inactive_list链表，内核根据页面活动状态将page在这两个链表之间移动，最终通过shrink_slab和shrink_zone来回收内存页。

lowmem_shrink

触发 shrink 操作：

static int lowmem_shrink(struct shrinker *s, struct shrink_control *sc)
{
    struct task_struct *tsk;
    struct task_struct *selected = NULL;
    int rem = 0;
    int tasksize;
    int i;
    int ret = 0;
    short min_score_adj = OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX + 1; //1001
    int minfree = 0;
    int selected_tasksize = 0;
    int selected_oom_score_adj;
    int array_size = ARRAY_SIZE(lowmem_adj);
    int other_free;
    int other_file;
    unsigned long nr_to_scan = sc->nr_to_scan;

    if (nr_to_scan > 0) {
        if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&scan_mutex) < 0)
            return 0;
    }

   // 剩余内存
    other_free = global_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES);

    if (global_page_state(NR_SHMEM) + total_swapcache_pages <
        global_page_state(NR_FILE_PAGES))
        other_file = global_page_state(NR_FILE_PAGES) -
                        global_page_state(NR_SHMEM) -
                        total_swapcache_pages;
    else
        other_file = 0;

    tune_lmk_param(&other_free, &other_file, sc);

    if (lowmem_adj_size < array_size)
        array_size = lowmem_adj_size;
    if (lowmem_minfree_size < array_size)
        array_size = lowmem_minfree_size;
    for (i = 0; i < array_size; i++) {
        minfree = lowmem_minfree[i];
        if (other_free < minfree && other_file < minfree) {
            min_score_adj = lowmem_adj[i];
            break;
        }
    }
    if (nr_to_scan > 0) {
        ret = adjust_minadj(&min_score_adj);
        lowmem_print(3, "lowmem_shrink %lu, %x, ofree %d %d, ma %hd\n",
                nr_to_scan, sc->gfp_mask, other_free,
                other_file, min_score_adj);
    }

    rem = global_page_state(NR_ACTIVE_ANON) +
        global_page_state(NR_ACTIVE_FILE) +
        global_page_state(NR_INACTIVE_ANON) +
        global_page_state(NR_INACTIVE_FILE);
    if (nr_to_scan <= 0 || min_score_adj == OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX + 1) {
        lowmem_print(5, "lowmem_shrink %lu, %x, return %d\n",
                 nr_to_scan, sc->gfp_mask, rem);

        if (nr_to_scan > 0)
            mutex_unlock(&scan_mutex);

        if ((min_score_adj == OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX + 1) &&
            (nr_to_scan > 0))
            trace_almk_shrink(0, ret, other_free, other_file, 0);

        return rem;
    }
    selected_oom_score_adj = min_score_adj;

    rcu_read_lock();
    for_each_process(tsk) {
        struct task_struct *p;
        int oom_score_adj;

        if (tsk->flags & PF_KTHREAD)
            continue;

        /* if task no longer has any memory ignore it */
        if (test_task_flag(tsk, TIF_MM_RELEASED))
            continue;

        if (time_before_eq(jiffies, lowmem_deathpending_timeout)) {
            if (test_task_flag(tsk, TIF_MEMDIE)) {
                rcu_read_unlock();
                /* give the system time to free up the memory */
                msleep_interruptible(20);
                mutex_unlock(&scan_mutex);
                return 0;
            }
        }

        p = find_lock_task_mm(tsk);
        if (!p)
            continue;

        oom_score_adj = p->signal->oom_score_adj;
        // oom_adj 小于 最小值，忽略
        if (oom_score_adj < min_score_adj) {
            task_unlock(p);
            continue;
        }
        // 进程 RSS
        tasksize = get_mm_rss(p->mm);
        task_unlock(p);
        if (tasksize <= 0)
            continue;
        if (selected) {
            if (oom_score_adj < selected_oom_score_adj)
                continue;
            if (oom_score_adj == selected_oom_score_adj &&
                tasksize <= selected_tasksize)
                continue;
        }
        selected = p;
        selected_tasksize = tasksize;
        selected_oom_score_adj = oom_score_adj;
        lowmem_print(3, "select '%s' (%d), adj %hd, size %d, to kill\n",
                 p->comm, p->pid, oom_score_adj, tasksize);
    }
    if (selected) {
        lowmem_print(1, "Killing '%s' (%d), adj %d,\n" \
                "   to free %ldkB on behalf of '%s' (%d) because\n" \
                "   cache %ldkB is below limit %ldkB for oom_score_adj %hd\n" \
                "   Free memory is %ldkB above reserved.\n" \
                "   Free CMA is %ldkB\n" \
                "   Total reserve is %ldkB\n" \
                "   Total free pages is %ldkB\n" \
                "   Total file cache is %ldkB\n" \
                "   Slab Reclaimable is %ldkB\n" \
                "   Slab UnReclaimable is %ldkB\n" \
                "   Total Slab is %ldkB\n" \
                "   GFP mask is 0x%x\n",
                 selected->comm, selected->pid,
                 selected_oom_score_adj,
                 selected_tasksize * (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 current->comm, current->pid,
                 other_file * (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 minfree * (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 min_score_adj,
                 other_free * (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 global_page_state(NR_FREE_CMA_PAGES) *
                (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 totalreserve_pages * (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 global_page_state(NR_FREE_PAGES) *
                (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 global_page_state(NR_FILE_PAGES) *
                (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 global_page_state(NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE) *
                (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 global_page_state(NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE) *
                (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 global_page_state(NR_SLAB_RECLAIMABLE) *
                (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024) +
                 global_page_state(NR_SLAB_UNRECLAIMABLE) *
                (long)(PAGE_SIZE / 1024),
                 sc->gfp_mask);

        if (lowmem_debug_level >= 2 && selected_oom_score_adj == 0) {
            show_mem(SHOW_MEM_FILTER_NODES);
            dump_tasks(NULL, NULL);
            show_mem_call_notifiers();
        }

        lowmem_deathpending_timeout = jiffies + HZ;
        send_sig(SIGKILL, selected, 0);
        set_tsk_thread_flag(selected, TIF_MEMDIE);
        rem -= selected_tasksize;
        rcu_read_unlock();
        /* give the system time to free up the memory */
        msleep_interruptible(20);
        trace_almk_shrink(selected_tasksize, ret,
            other_free, other_file, selected_oom_score_adj);
    } else {
        trace_almk_shrink(1, ret, other_free, other_file, 0);
        rcu_read_unlock();
    }

    lowmem_print(4, "lowmem_shrink %lu, %x, return %d\n",
             nr_to_scan, sc->gfp_mask, rem);
    mutex_unlock(&scan_mutex);
    return rem;
}

• 选择oom_score_adj最大的进程中，并且rss内存最大的进程作为选中要杀的进程。
• 杀进程方式：send_sig(SIGKILL, selected, 0)向选中的目标进程发送signal 9来杀掉目标进程。

lmkd参数

• oom_adj:代表进程的优先级, 数值越大,优先级越低,越容易被杀. 取值范围[-16, 15]
• oom_score_adj: 取值范围[-1000, 1000]
• oom_score：lmk策略中貌似并没有看到使用的地方，这个应该是oom才会使用。

lowmem_oom_adj_to_oom_score_adj 计算:

static int lowmem_oom_adj_to_oom_score_adj(int oom_adj)
{
    if (oom_adj == OOM_ADJUST_MAX)
        return OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX;
    else
        return (oom_adj * OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX) / -OOM_DISABLE;
}

• 当oom_adj = 15, 则 oom_score_adj = 1000;
• 当oom_adj < 15, 则 oom_score_adj = oom_adj * 1000/17;

四 总结

以上整个过程可以简单总结如下：

• 系统 Framework 层根据不同类型进程生命周期控制，动态分配不同的 adj 值，并且在一定的时机会对所有进程的 adj 进行更新;
• 更新 adj 时，Framework 层会和 lmkd 守护进程进行通信，修改系统 lmk driver 配置的参数，同时设置 /proc/pid/oom_score_adj;
• lowmemorykiller 驱动会被 linux 内核的内存 shrinker 机制调度，在 shrinker 操作中，计算进程 adj 和 rss，依据 driver 的 oom_adj 和 minfree 配置，进行 kill 进程操作。

所以，后台应用被回收的问题，需要额外关注：

• 进程的生命周期及5大优先级分类
• 减小内存占用，在 trimmemory 时能及时释放内存

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参考文档：

1. API Guide ：Process and thread
2. ActivityManagerService.java
3. ProcessList.java
4. lkm.c
5. lowmemorykiller.c