干货：Python的19个高效编程技巧（附习题）

初识Python语言，觉得python满足了我上学时候对编程语言的所有要求。python语言的高效编程技巧让我们这些大学曾经学了四年c或者c++的人，兴奋的不行不行的，终于解脱了。高级语言，如果做不到这样，还扯啥高级呢？

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干货：Python的19个高效编程技巧（附习题）

01 交换变量

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>>a=3

b=6
</pre>

这个情况如果要交换变量在c++中，肯定需要一个空变量。但是python不需要，只需一行，大家看清楚了

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>>a,b=b,a

print(a)>>>6
ptint(b)>>>5
</pre>

02 字典推导和集合推导

大多数的Python程序员都知道且使用过列表推导(list comprehensions)。如果你对list comprehensions概念不是很熟悉——一个list comprehension就是一个更简短、简洁的创建一个list的方法。

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> some_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

another_list = [ x + 1 for x in some_list ]
another_list
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
</pre>

自从python 3.1 起，我们可以用同样的语法来创建集合和字典表：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> # Set Comprehensions

some_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 5, 1, 4, 8]
even_set = { x for x in some_list if x % 2 == 0 }
even_set
set([8, 2, 4])

Dict Comprehensions

d = { x: x % 2 == 0 for x in range(1, 11) }
d
{1: False, 2: True, 3: False, 4: True, 5: False, 6: True, 7: False, 8: True, 9: False, 10: True}
</pre>

在第一个例子里，我们以some_list为基础，创建了一个具有不重复元素的集合，而且集合里只包含偶数。而在字典表的例子里，我们创建了一个key是不重复的1到10之间的整数，value是布尔型，用来指示key是否是偶数。

这里另外一个值得注意的事情是集合的字面量表示法。我们可以简单的用这种方法创建一个集合：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> my_set = {1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4}

my_set
set([1, 2, 3, 4])
</pre>

而不需要使用内置函数set()。

03 计数时使用Counter计数对象

这听起来显而易见，但经常被人忘记。对于大多数程序员来说，数一个东西是一项很常见的任务，而且在大多数情况下并不是很有挑战性的事情——这里有几种方法能更简单的完成这种任务。

Python的collections类库里有个内置的dict类的子类，是专门来干这种事情的：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> from collections import Counter

c = Counter('hello world')
c
Counter({'l': 3, 'o': 2, ' ': 1, 'e': 1, 'd': 1, 'h': 1, 'r': 1, 'w': 1})
c.most_common(2)
[('l', 3), ('o', 2)]
</pre>

04 漂亮的打印出JSON

JSON是一种非常好的数据序列化的形式，被如今的各种API和web service大量的使用。使用python内置的json处理，可以使JSON串具有一定的可读性，但当遇到大型数据时，它表现成一个很长的、连续的一行时，人的肉眼就很难观看了。

为了能让JSON数据表现的更友好，我们可以使用indent参数来输出漂亮的JSON。当在控制台交互式编程或做日志时，这尤其有用：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> import json

print(json.dumps(data)) # No indention
{"status": "OK", "count": 2, "results": [{"age": 27, "name": "Oz", "lactose_intolerant": true}, {"age": 29, "name": "Joe", "lactose_intolerant": false}]}
print(json.dumps(data, indent=2)) # With indention
{

from collections import Counter
>>> c = Counter('hello world')
>>> c
Counter({'l': 3, 'o': 2, ' ': 1, 'e': 1, 'd': 1, 'h': 1, 'r': 1, 'w': 1})
>>> c.most_common(2)
[('l', 3), ('o', 2)]
</pre>

04 漂亮的打印出JSON

JSON是一种非常好的数据序列化的形式，被如今的各种API和web service大量的使用。使用python内置的json处理，可以使JSON串具有一定的可读性，但当遇到大型数据时，它表现成一个很长的、连续的一行时，人的肉眼就很难观看了。

为了能让JSON数据表现的更友好，我们可以使用indent参数来输出漂亮的JSON。当在控制台交互式编程或做日志时，这尤其有用：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">>>> import json
>>> print(json.dumps(data)) # No indention
{"status": "OK", "count": 2, "results": [{"age": 27, "name": "Oz", "lactose_intolerant": true}, {"age": 29, "name": "Joe", "lactose_intolerant": false}]}
>>> print(json.dumps(data, indent=2)) # With indention
{
"status": "OK",
"count": 2,
"results": [
{
"age": 27,
"name": "Oz",
"lactose_intolerant": true
},
{
"age": 29,
"name": "Joe",
"lactose_intolerant": false
}
]
}
</pre>

同样，使用内置的pprint模块，也可以让其它任何东西打印输出的更漂亮。

05 解决FizzBuzz

前段时间Jeff Atwood 推广了一个简单的编程练习叫FizzBuzz，问题引用如下：

写一个程序，打印数字1到100，3的倍数打印“Fizz”来替换这个数，5的倍数打印“Buzz”，对于既是3的倍数又是5的倍数的数字打印“FizzBuzz”。

这里就是一个简短的，有意思的方法解决这个问题：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">for x in range(1,101):
print"fizz"[x%3len('fizz')::]+"buzz"[x%5len('buzz')::] or x
</pre>

06 if 语句在行内

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 print "Hello" if True else "World"
2 >>> Hello
</pre>

07 连接

下面的最后一种方式在绑定两个不同类型的对象时显得很cool。

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]
2 afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]
3 print nfc + afc
4 >>> ['Packers', '49ers', 'Ravens', 'Patriots']
5
6 print str(1) + " world"
7 >>> 1 world
8
9 print 1 + " world"
10 >>> 1 world
11
12 print 1, "world"
13 >>> 1 world
14 print nfc, 1
15 >>> ['Packers', '49ers'] 1
</pre>

08 数值比较

这是我见过诸多语言中很少有的如此棒的简便法

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 x = 2
2 if 3 > x > 1:
3 print x
4 >>> 2
5 if 1 < x > 0:
6 print x
7 >>> 2
</pre>

09 同时迭代两个列表

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 nfc = ["Packers", "49ers"]
2 afc = ["Ravens", "Patriots"]
3 for teama, teamb in zip(nfc, afc):
4 print teama + " vs. " + teamb
5 >>> Packers vs. Ravens
6 >>> 49ers vs. Patriots
</pre>

10 带索引的列表迭代

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
2 for index, team in enumerate(teams):
3 print index, team
4 >>> 0 Packers
5 >>> 1 49ers
6 >>> 2 Ravens
7 >>> 3 Patriots
</pre>

11 列表推导式

已知一个列表，我们可以刷选出偶数列表方法：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
2 even = []
3 for number in numbers:
4 if number%2 == 0:
5 even.append(number)
</pre>

转变成如下：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 numbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
2 even = [number for number in numbers if number%2 == 0]
</pre>

是不是很牛呢，哈哈。

12 字典推导

和列表推导类似，字典可以做同样的工作：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
2 print {key: value for value, key in enumerate(teams)}
3 >>> {'49ers': 1, 'Ravens': 2, 'Patriots': 3, 'Packers': 0}
</pre>

13 初始化列表的值

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 items = [0]*3
2 print items
3 >>> [0,0,0]
</pre>

14 列表转换为字符串

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
2 print ", ".join(teams)
3 >>> 'Packers, 49ers, Ravens, Patriots'
</pre>

15 从字典中获取元素

我承认try/except代码并不雅致，不过这里有一种简单方法，尝试在字典中查找key，如果没有找到对应的alue将用第二个参数设为其变量值。

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}
2 try:
3 is_admin = data['admin']
4 except KeyError:
5 is_admin = False
</pre>

替换成这样：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 data = {'user': 1, 'name': 'Max', 'three': 4}
2 is_admin = data.get('admin', False)
</pre>

16 获取列表的子集

有时，你只需要列表中的部分元素，这里是一些获取列表子集的方法。

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 x = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
2 #前3个
3 print x[:3]
4 >>> [1,2,3]
5 #中间4个
6 print x[1:5]
7 >>> [2,3,4,5]
8 #最后3个
9 print x[3:]
10 >>> [4,5,6]
11 #奇数项
12 print x[::2]
13 >>> [1,3,5]
14 #偶数项
15 print x[1::2]
16 >>> [2,4,6]
</pre>

除了python内置的数据类型外，在collection模块同样还包括一些特别的用例，在有些场合Counter非常实用。如果你参加过在这一年的Facebook HackerCup，你甚至也能找到他的实用之处。

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 from collections import Counter
2 print Counter("hello")
3 >>> Counter({'l': 2, 'h': 1, 'e': 1, 'o': 1})
</pre>

17 迭代工具

和collections库一样，还有一个库叫itertools，对某些问题真能高效地解决。其中一个用例是查找所有组合，他能告诉你在一个组中元素的所有不能的组合方式

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 from itertools import combinations
2 teams = ["Packers", "49ers", "Ravens", "Patriots"]
3 for game in combinations(teams, 2):
4 print game
5 >>> ('Packers', '49ers')
6 >>> ('Packers', 'Ravens')
7 >>> ('Packers', 'Patriots')
8 >>> ('49ers', 'Ravens')
9 >>> ('49ers', 'Patriots')
10 >>> ('Ravens', 'Patriots')
</pre>

18 False == True

比起实用技术来说这是一个很有趣的事，在python中，True和False是全局变量，因此：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">1 False = True
2 if False:
3 print "Hello"
4 else:
5 print "World"
6 >>> Hello
</pre>

19 创建一次性的、快速的小型web服务

有时候，我们需要在两台机器或服务之间做一些简便的、很基础的RPC之类的交互。我们希望用一种简单的方式使用B程序调用A程序里的一个方法——有时是在另一台机器上。仅内部使用。

我并不鼓励将这里介绍的方法用在非内部的、一次性的编程中。我们可以使用一种叫做XML-RPC的协议 (相对应的是这个Python库)，来做这种事情。

下面是一个使用SimpleXMLRPCServer模块建立一个快速的小的文件读取服务器的例子：

<pre style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Consolas, Menlo, Courier, monospace; font-size: 16px; white-space: pre-wrap; position: relative; line-height: 1.5; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); margin: 1em 0px; padding: 12px 10px; background: rgb(244, 245, 246); border: 1px solid rgb(232, 232, 232); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">from SimpleXMLRPCServer import SimpleXMLRPCServer
def file_reader(file_name):
with open(file_name, 'r') as f:
return f.read()
server = SimpleXMLRPCServer(('localhost', 8000))
server.register_introspection_functions()
server.register_function(file_reader)
server.serve_forever()
　　客户端：
import xmlrpclib
proxy = xmlrpclib.ServerProxy('http://localhost:8000/')
proxy.file_reader('/tmp/secret.txt')
</pre>

我们这样就得到了一个远程文件读取工具，没有外部的依赖，只有几句代码(当然，没有任何安全措施，所以只可以在家里这样做)。