11. some和any的辨析：
(1)some（一些）和any（任何）既可以修饰可数名词复数，也可以修饰不可数名词。some多用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句；
e.g. Are there any apples in the box?
Yes, there are some. /No, there aren’t any.
Is there any water in the bottle?
Yes, there is some water. /No, there isn’t any water.
(2)注意：如果是表示委婉请求，希望得到对方的肯定回答时，用some；
e.g. Would you like some tea?
No, thanks. /Yes, please.
Could you mind lending me some books?
Of course not.
(3)some（某一）和any（任一）修饰可数名词单数，不限制范围。
e.g. some person某个人
any day任意一天
12. many, much和a lot of（=lots of）的辨析：
(1)它们的意思均为“许多”。但many只可以修饰可数名词复数，much只修饰不可数名词， a lot of （lots of）既可以修饰可数名词复数，也可以修饰不可数名词；
e.g. I have many /a lot of/lots of books.
She needs much/ a lot of/ lots of milk.
(2)too many 和too much 表示“太多的”，修饰名词，too many修饰可数名词复数；too much修饰不可数名词；
e.g. There are too many books on the table.
I ate too much milk yesterday, soI don’t feel well now.
(3)much too表示“太”，相当于副词的用法，可修饰形容词及副词，不存在many too。
e.g. Tom runs much too fast
Mary is much too beautiful.
13. 交通方式的不同表达辨析：
(1) by+交通工具（单数）；
e.g. by bus/ bike/ taxi/ train/ plane…
(2)by+交通路线的位置；
e.g. by air/land/sea/water
(3)in/on+冠词/物主代词/指示代词+交通工具；
e.g. in a/his/ the car
on his/a /the bus/bike /ship/horse…
on foot
(4)take a/the+交通工具；
e.g. take a/the bus/taxi/ plane…
ride a bike
(5) walk/drive/ride/fly to… (后接副词here, there, home时，to去掉)。
14. spend, cost, take和pay区别：
(1)spend的主语必须是人，常用以下结构：
①spend time/money on sth.
e.g. I spent two hours on the math problem.
②spend time/money(in) doing sth.
e.g. They spent two years building this bridge.
③spend money for sth.
e.g. His money was spent for books.
(2)cost的主语是物或某种活动：
sth. costs sb.+金钱/时间，意为“某物花了某人多少钱或时间”
e.g. A new computer costs (him) a lot of money.
Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.
(3)take后面接双宾语：It takes sb.+时间to do sth.
e.g. It took them three years to build this road.
(4)pay的主语为人，常见结构如下：
①pay(sb.) money for sth.付钱（给某人）买……
e.g. I have to pay them 20 pounds for this room each month.
②pay for sth. “付……的钱”
e.g. I have to pay for the book first .
③pay for sb.“替某人付钱”
e.g. Don’t worry, I’ll pay for you.
④pay sb.“付钱给某人”
e.g. They pay us every month.
15.表示“到达”的动词辨析：
(1) get to +地点;
(2)arrive at +小地点;
arrive in +大地点;
(3)reach +地点。
(4)注意：当这些词后面接了地点副词时，必须把介词去掉；常见的地点副词有home，here，there。
e.g. How does your father get to the school?
Tom usually arrives in Beijing at 4:00 every day.
When does your sister arrive at the international airport?
Do you know how to reach the library?
How do you get there?
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