1. 性(Gender)
阳性:男人 雄性动物
阴性:女人 雌性动物
中性:事物 动物
⑴ 中性名词中船舶、国家等常被看作阴性,用代词 she 。例如:
She's a wonderful ship. (它是条极好的船。)
Yugoslavia mourned the loss of her leader. (南斯拉夫哀悼领袖的逝世。)
⑵动物,特别是提到种类时,也被看作中性,用代词 it 。例如:
This bird lays its eggs in sand. (这种鸟产卵于沙中。)
The mouse ran back into its hole. (那只老鼠逃回洞中。)
⑶ 注意后缀 -ess 标志阴性(以 -er 或 -or 结尾的名词在加上 -ess 之前应删去 e 或 o )。例如:
host => hostess; waiter => waitress
actor => actress; prince => princess
lion => lioness; tiger => tigeress
2. 名词复数的构成
⑴ 规则复数形式:通常是在单数形式后面加 -s 或 -es。
情况 | 构成方法 | 例证 |
---|---|---|
大部份的名词 | 加词尾 -s | maps; books; animals; records |
以 -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z 结尾的名词 | 加词尾 -es | watches; brushes; classes; boxes |
以辅音 +y 结尾的名词 | 变 y 为 i 后再加 -es | cities; counties; ladies; factories |
以元音 +y 结尾的名词 | 加词尾 -s | days; keys; boys; guys |
以 -f,-fe 结尾的名词 | 一般先把 f, fe变为v后再加-es | wives; knives; loaves; thieves |
以辅音加 -o 结尾的名词 | 一般加 -es | potatoes; heroes |
注意:有少数以辅音加 -o 结尾的名词,构成复数时只加 -s,例如:photos; pianos 等;有些以 -f 结尾的名词,构成复数时只加 -s,例如:cliffs;proofs。
⑵ 不规则复数形式
构成方法 | 单数 | 复数 |
---|---|---|
变换内部原因 | woman; tooth | women; teeth |
带词尾 -en | child; ox | children; oxen |
单数复数同形 | aircraft; sheep | aircraft; sheep |
3. 可数名词与不可数名词
⑴ 可数名词系统表示可以数计的事物的名词,有单数和复数两种形式,如:letter - letters; record - records。不可数名词系统表示不可以数计的事物,只有单数一种形式,不可数词名词包括物质名词(如:gold;wood;bread;wine等)、抽象名词(如:chaos;honesty;peacet等)以及某些普通名词(如:furniture;clothing;news;weather;information等)。
1)大量的可数名词可以通过单位词的搭配使之成为可数。例如:
furniture => a piece of furniture
bread => a loaf of bread
wine => a bottle of wine
coffee => a cup of coffee
2)也有名词既是可数的,又是不可数的,随着类别的改变,词义也往往不同。例如:
可数名词 | 不可数名词 |
---|---|
He's got 50 lambs.(指羔羊) | I like lamb.(指羊肉) |
Would you like a glass of wine? (指一杯的数量) | It's made of glass. (指玻璃) |
I've got a grey hairs already.(指一根根的头发) | Her hair is blonde.(指一头的头发) |
⑵ much;many;a lot of 在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中修饰名词的情况。
句子类型 | many(修饰可数名词) | (a lot of 修饰可数或不可数名词) | much(修饰不可数名词) |
---|---|---|---|
肯定句 | I've got a lot of records (money). | ||
否定句 | I haven't got many records. | I haven't got a lot of records (money). | I haven't got much money. |
疑问句 | Have you got many records? How many records have you got? | Have you got a lot of records (money)? | Have you got much money? How much money have got? |
注意:much 和 many 可用于肯定句,但口语中不如 a lot of 常见。例如:
There is much suffering in the world. (人世间界多苦难。)
There were many people who attended the meeting. (参加那次会议的人很多。)
⑶ (a)little 和(a)few 分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词。
(a)few (修饰可数名词) | (a)little(修饰不可数名词) |
---|---|
I've got a few problems. | Will you have a little wine? |
He's got few friends. | There is little hope for him. |
注意:a little 和 a few 有肯定意味,= some;little 和 few 有否定意味,little = not much,few = not many。
⑷ some,any,no在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中修饰名词的情况。
句子类别 | 修饰复数可数名词 | 修饰不可数名词 |
---|---|---|
肯定句 | There are some apples in the bowl. | There are some wine left over. |
否定句 | There aren't any children here. There are no children here. | There hasn't been any rain for 2 days. There has been no rain for 2 days. |
疑问句 | Have you got some(或any)records? | Can you lend me some(或any) money? |
① some 和 any 修饰单数可数名词时,其词义有变化。例如:
Some fool left the door open. (不知那个笨蛋开了门不关。)
He desn't play any instrument. (他那种乐器都不会。)
② some 和 any均可用于疑问句中,但期待的答复不同。例如:
Will you lend me some money? (期待肯定的回答)
Can you lend me any money? (肯定或否定两种答复都有可能)
Would you like some more tea? (口气客气)
Would you like any more tea? (不如上句客气)
③ any也可用于肯定句,意思是“任何的”。例如:
You can choose any one you want. ( 你可以挑你要的任何一个。)
④ 复合词 someone/somebody,anyone/anybody,no one/nobody,something,anything,nothing也应遵守同样的规则。例如:
肯定句:
I can see someone moving behind the curtain. (我能看见有人在帘子后面走动。)
I've bought something for you. (我给你买了件东西。)
否定句:
I don't know anyone here. (这里我谁也不认识。)
I can't see anything in the fog. (在这样的大雾中,我什么也看不见。)
She's got noboday to tell to. (她没有可以谈话的人。)
疑问句:
Is someone here? (听到有人敲门后的问句)
Is anyone at home? (说话人不知道房子里有没有人)
Have you something for me? (期待肯定的回答)
Is there anything more discuss? (肯定和否定两种回答都有可能)
4. 所有格
⑴ -s 所有格的构成
单数名词和不与 -s 结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加 's (apostrophe s)。例如:
John's sister (约翰的妹妹或姊姊)
my son's bicycle (我儿子的自行车)
the men's claokroom. (男厕所)
women's rights (女性权利)
以 -s 结尾的复数名词在词尾后只加(’)。例如:
a boys' school (男校)
the miner' strike (矿工的罢工)
my sisters' friends (我姊姊的朋友)
⑵ of 所有格和 -s 所有格用法的区别
① 在表示所有关系的简单陈述中,通常不用 of 所有格。例如:
our neighbour's cat (不用:the cat of our neighbour)
the milkman's smile (不用:the smile of the milkman)
但当所有格中的名词跟有后置修饰语时,必须用 of 所有格。例如:
That's the fault of the person who forgot to switch off the light. (那是那个忘了关灯的那个人的过失。)
Do you know the father of the worker killed in accident? (你认识在那次事故中死去的这位工人的父亲吗?)
② 当所有格结构中的名词表示无生命的东西时,通常用 of 所有格。例如:
the beauty of the countryside (乡村美)
the top of the mountain (山顶)
③ 表示时间的常用 -s 所有格。例如:
I'll see you in two week's time. (两星期后再见。)
Have you heard today's news? (你听到今天的消息了吗?)
I'm taking a week's rest from work. (我将休息一星期。)
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