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Notes on English Grammar: Nouns

Notes on English Grammar: Nouns

作者: 述而斋 | 来源:发表于2023-08-17 17:36 被阅读0次

    1. 性(Gender)

    阳性:男人 雄性动物
    阴性:女人 雌性动物
    中性:事物 动物
    ⑴ 中性名词中船舶、国家等常被看作阴性,用代词 she 。例如:
    She's a wonderful ship. (它是条极好的船。)
    Yugoslavia mourned the loss of her leader. (南斯拉夫哀悼领袖的逝世。)
    ⑵动物,特别是提到种类时,也被看作中性,用代词 it 。例如:
    This bird lays its eggs in sand. (这种鸟产卵于沙中。)
    The mouse ran back into its hole. (那只老鼠逃回洞中。)
    ⑶ 注意后缀 -ess 标志阴性(以 -er 或 -or 结尾的名词在加上 -ess 之前应删去 e 或 o )。例如:
    host => hostess; waiter => waitress
    actor => actress; prince => princess
    lion => lioness; tiger => tigeress

    2. 名词复数的构成

    ⑴ 规则复数形式:通常是在单数形式后面加 -s 或 -es。

    情况 构成方法 例证
    大部份的名词 加词尾 -s maps; books; animals; records
    以 -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z 结尾的名词 加词尾 -es watches; brushes; classes; boxes
    以辅音 +y 结尾的名词 变 y 为 i 后再加 -es cities; counties; ladies; factories
    以元音 +y 结尾的名词 加词尾 -s days; keys; boys; guys
    以 -f,-fe 结尾的名词 一般先把 f, fe变为v后再加-es wives; knives; loaves; thieves
    以辅音加 -o 结尾的名词 一般加 -es potatoes; heroes

    注意:有少数以辅音加 -o 结尾的名词,构成复数时只加 -s,例如:photos; pianos 等;有些以 -f 结尾的名词,构成复数时只加 -s,例如:cliffs;proofs
    ⑵ 不规则复数形式

    构成方法 单数 复数
    变换内部原因 woman; tooth women; teeth
    带词尾 -en child; ox children; oxen
    单数复数同形 aircraft; sheep aircraft; sheep

    3. 可数名词与不可数名词

    ⑴ 可数名词系统表示可以数计的事物的名词,有单数和复数两种形式,如:letter - letters; record - records。不可数名词系统表示不可以数计的事物,只有单数一种形式,不可数词名词包括物质名词(如:gold;wood;bread;wine等)、抽象名词(如:chaos;honesty;peacet等)以及某些普通名词(如:furniture;clothing;news;weather;information等)。
    1)大量的可数名词可以通过单位词的搭配使之成为可数。例如:
    furniture => a piece of furniture
    bread => a loaf of bread
    wine => a bottle of wine
    coffee => a cup of coffee
    2)也有名词既是可数的,又是不可数的,随着类别的改变,词义也往往不同。例如:

    可数名词 不可数名词
    He's got 50 lambs.(指羔羊) I like lamb.(指羊肉)
    Would you like a glass of wine? (指一杯的数量) It's made of glass. (指玻璃)
    I've got a grey hairs already.(指一根根的头发) Her hair is blonde.(指一头的头发)

    ⑵ much;many;a lot of 在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中修饰名词的情况。

    句子类型 many(修饰可数名词) (a lot of 修饰可数或不可数名词) much(修饰不可数名词)
    肯定句 I've got a lot of records (money).
    否定句 I haven't got many records. I haven't got a lot of records (money). I haven't got much money.
    疑问句 Have you got many records? How many records have you got? Have you got a lot of records (money)? Have you got much money? How much money have got?

    注意:much 和 many 可用于肯定句,但口语中不如 a lot of 常见。例如:
    There is much suffering in the world. (人世间界多苦难。)
    There were many people who attended the meeting. (参加那次会议的人很多。)
    ⑶ (a)little 和(a)few 分别修饰不可数名词和可数名词。

    (a)few (修饰可数名词) (a)little(修饰不可数名词)
    I've got a few problems. Will you have a little wine?
    He's got few friends. There is little hope for him.

    注意:a little 和 a few 有肯定意味,= some;little 和 few 有否定意味,little = not much,few = not many。
    ⑷ some,any,no在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中修饰名词的情况。

    句子类别 修饰复数可数名词 修饰不可数名词
    肯定句 There are some apples in the bowl. There are some wine left over.
    否定句 There aren't any children here. There are no children here. There hasn't been any rain for 2 days. There has been no rain for 2 days.
    疑问句 Have you got some(或any)records? Can you lend me some(或any) money?

    ① some 和 any 修饰单数可数名词时,其词义有变化。例如:
    Some fool left the door open. (不知那个笨蛋开了门不关。)
    He desn't play any instrument. (他那种乐器都不会。)
    ② some 和 any均可用于疑问句中,但期待的答复不同。例如:
    Will you lend me some money? (期待肯定的回答)
    Can you lend me any money? (肯定或否定两种答复都有可能)
    Would you like some more tea? (口气客气)
    Would you like any more tea? (不如上句客气)
    ③ any也可用于肯定句,意思是“任何的”。例如:
    You can choose any one you want. ( 你可以挑你要的任何一个。)
    ④ 复合词 someone/somebody,anyone/anybody,no one/nobody,something,anything,nothing也应遵守同样的规则。例如:
    肯定句:
    I can see someone moving behind the curtain. (我能看见有人在帘子后面走动。)
    I've bought something for you. (我给你买了件东西。)
    否定句:
    I don't know anyone here. (这里我谁也不认识。)
    I can't see anything in the fog. (在这样的大雾中,我什么也看不见。)
    She's got noboday to tell to. (她没有可以谈话的人。)
    疑问句:
    Is someone here? (听到有人敲门后的问句)
    Is anyone at home? (说话人不知道房子里有没有人)
    Have you something for me? (期待肯定的回答)
    Is there anything more discuss? (肯定和否定两种回答都有可能)

    4. 所有格

    ⑴ -s 所有格的构成

    单数名词和不与 -s 结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加 's (apostrophe s)。例如:
    John's sister (约翰的妹妹或姊姊)
    my son
    's
    bicycle (我儿子的自行车)
    the men's claokroom. (男厕所)
    women's rights (女性权利)
    以 -s 结尾的复数名词在词尾后只加(’)。例如:
    a boys' school (男校)
    the miner' strike (矿工的罢工)
    my sisters' friends (我姊姊的朋友)

    ⑵ of 所有格和 -s 所有格用法的区别

    ① 在表示所有关系的简单陈述中,通常不用 of 所有格。例如:
    our neighbour's cat (不用:the cat of our neighbour)
    the milkman's smile (不用:the smile of the milkman)
    但当所有格中的名词跟有后置修饰语时,必须用 of 所有格。例如:
    That's the fault of the person who forgot to switch off the light. (那是那个忘了关灯的那个人的过失。)
    Do you know the father of the worker killed in accident? (你认识在那次事故中死去的这位工人的父亲吗?)
    ② 当所有格结构中的名词表示无生命的东西时,通常用 of 所有格。例如:
    the beauty of the countryside (乡村美)
    the top of the mountain (山顶)
    ③ 表示时间的常用 -s 所有格。例如:
    I'll see you in two week's time. (两星期后再见。)
    Have you heard today's news? (你听到今天的消息了吗?)
    I'm taking a week's rest from work. (我将休息一星期。)

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