ClassLoader

作者: 叫我宫城大人 | 来源:发表于2018-03-22 01:29 被阅读1190次

    一、什么是ClassLoader

    顾名思义,即是类加载器,具体作用就是将.class文件加载到JVM虚拟机中去,程序就可以正确运行了。

    二、认识.class文件

    Java是解释性语言,编写的代码都是.java文件,需要经过compile(编译)成.class文件才能运行。拿入门Hello World来讲:

    HelloWorld.java

    public class HelloWorld{
    
        public static void main(String[] args){
            System.out.println("Hello world!");
        }
    }
    

    不能直接运行,需要执行javac HelloWorld.java生成.class文件;

    HelloWorld.class

    cafe babe 0000 0034 001d 0a00 0600 0f09
    0010 0011 0800 120a 0013 0014 0700 1507
    0016 0100 063c 696e 6974 3e01 0003 2829
    ... ...
    

    .class文件是字节码文件,加载到JVM中可以直接运行。换句话说,其他语言例如C编写的程序正确转换为.class文件后,JVM也是能识别运行的。

    三、初探ClassLoader

    测试程序:

    public class ClassLoaderDemo {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            System.out.println(ClassLoaderDemo.class.getClassLoader());
            System.out.println(String.class.getClassLoader());
        }
    }
    

    输出:

    sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader@18b4aac2
    null
    

    说明这个类是经过AppClassLoader加载到JVM中的,顺便观察下继承图:

    image

    疑问:但是为什么String的类加载器是null??

    四、Java提供的ClassLoader

    • Bootstrap ClassLoader:最顶层的加载类,主要加载核心类库,%JRE_HOME%\lib下的rt.jar、resources.jar、charsets.jar和class等;
    • Extention ClassLoader:扩展的类加载器,加载目录%JRE_HOME%\lib\ext目录下的jar包和class文件;
    • Appclass Loader:也称为SystemAppClass,加载当前应用的classpath的所有类;

    需要查看上述之间的联系,可以查看JVM的入口sun.misc.Launcher,源码太长,精简后:

    public class Launcher {
        private static String bootClassPath = System.getProperty("sun.boot.class.path");
        private static Launcher launcher = new Launcher();
        public Launcher() {
            Launcher.ExtClassLoader var1= Launcher.ExtClassLoader.getExtClassLoader();
            this.loader = Launcher.AppClassLoader.getAppClassLoader(var1);
            Thread.currentThread().setContextClassLoader(this.loader);
        }
    }
    

    Launcher的构造方法中初始化了ExtClassLoader和AppClassLoader,但是不见BootstrapClassLoader,只有一个系统环境变量,查看sun.boot.class.path;

    sun.boot.class.path:

    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\resources.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\rt.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\sunrsasign.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jsse.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jce.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\charsets.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jfr.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\classes
    

    顺着这个配置文件,分别查看ExtClassLoader和AppClassLoader的源码,可以发现都有加载路径的配置,java.ext.dirsjava.class.path

    java.ext.dirs:

    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext;
    C:\Windows\Sun\Java\lib\ext
    

    java.class.path:

    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\charsets.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\deploy.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\javaws.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jce.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jfr.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\jsse.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\plugin.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\resources.jar;
    D:\developer\Java\jdk1.8\jre\lib\rt.jar;
    D:\idea_work\ClassLoaderDemo\out\production\ClassLoaderDemo;
    D:\developer\IntelliJ IDEA 2017.3\lib\idea_rt.jar
    

    AppClassLoader的父加载器是ExtClassLoader,而ExtClassLoader的父加载器是BootstrapClassLoader。

    注:父加载器不是父类,不能通过getParent()判定。

    疑点:AppClassLoader getParent()是ExtClassLoader?

    getParent()位于ClassLoader类下,直接返回私有变量parent,那么这个parent只有在ClassLoader的构造方法中初始化。回到Launcher源码this.loader = Launcher.AppClassLoader.getAppClassLoader(var1);,再去查看getAppClassLoader便一目了然了。

    那么ExtClassLoader为什么没有传入BootstrapClassLoader作为parent参数呢?Bootstrap ClassLoader是C/C++编写的,它本身是虚拟机的一部分,所以它并不是一个JAVA类,也就是无法在java代码中获取它的引用,这便解释上面String的加载器为什么是null。

    五、双亲委托

    JVM加载一个class时先查看是否已经加载过,没有则通过父加载器,然后递归下去,直到BootstrapClassLoader,如果BootstrapClassloader找到了,直接返回,如果没有找到,则一级一级返回(查看规定加载路径),最后到达自身去查找这些对象。这种机制就叫做双亲委托。

    image

    好处是:

    1. 避免重复加载
      A和B都需要加载X,各自加载就会导致X加载了两次,JVM中出现两份X的字节码;
    2. 防止恶意加载
      编写恶意类java.lang.Object,自定义加载替换系统原生类;

    按需查看ClassLoader下的loadClass方法(精简);

    Class<?> c = findLoadedClass(name);
    if (c == null) {
        if (parent != null) {
            c = parent.loadClass(name, false);
        } else {
            c = findBootstrapClassOrNull(name);
        }
    }
    

    也很好的印证了上面双亲委托模型,首先从缓存找,然后根据parent是否为null(BootstrapClassLoader)向上委托加载。

    双亲委托只是JVM的规范,是可以通过在自定义ClassLoader时重写loadClass方法打破的。

    六、自定义ClassLoader

    首先想到的是继承ClassLoader重写loadClass(),那么可以这样写;

    import java.io.*;
    
    public class CustomClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
    
        private static final String DRIVER = "D:\\idea_work\\ClassLoaderDemo\\classes";
    
        private static final String FILE_TYEP = ".class";
    
        @Override
        public Class<?> loadClass(String name) {
            byte[] data = loadClassData(name);
            return defineClass(name, data, 0, data.length);
        }
    
        private byte[] loadClassData(String name) {
            FileInputStream fis;
            byte[] data = null;
            try {
                File file = new File(DRIVER, name + FILE_TYEP);
                fis = new FileInputStream(file);
                ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                int ch;
                while ((ch = fis.read()) != -1) {
                    baos.write(ch);
                }
                data = baos.toByteArray();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return data;
        }
    }
    
    1. 指定自定义加载class文件的路径;
    2. 根据class名称解析获取对应的字节流数组;
    3. 重写loadClass()采用defineClass返回需要的Class类;

    编写测试Main程序;

    public class ClassLoaderDemo {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            CustomClassLoader loader = new CustomClassLoader();
            try {
                Class c1 = loader.loadClass("Cat");
                Object object = c1.newInstance();
                System.out.println(object);
            } catch (IllegalAccessException | InstantiationException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
    

    然后我们将编译后的Cat.class文件放在上述指定的目录下,执行会发现报错;

    java.io.FileNotFoundException: D:\idea_work\ClassLoaderDemo\classes\java.lang.Object.class (系统找不到指定的文件。)
        at java.io.FileInputStream.open0(Native Method)
        at java.io.FileInputStream.open(FileInputStream.java:195)
        at java.io.FileInputStream.<init>(FileInputStream.java:138)
        at CustomClassLoader.loadClassData(CustomClassLoader.java:28)
        at CustomClassLoader.loadClass(CustomClassLoader.java:11)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:763)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:642)
        at CustomClassLoader.loadClass(CustomClassLoader.java:12)
        at ClassLoaderDemo.main(ClassLoaderDemo.java:6)
    Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
        at CustomClassLoader.loadClass(CustomClassLoader.java:12)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass1(Native Method)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:763)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:642)
        at CustomClassLoader.loadClass(CustomClassLoader.java:12)
        at ClassLoaderDemo.main(ClassLoaderDemo.java:6)
    

    可以发现,通过某类加载器加载的类,所拥有的成员变量同样是该类加载器加载

    有两种解决方案:

    1. 在loadClass()方法中增加判断,当加载class文件不存在即调用super.loadClass(name);
    2. 重写findClass()方法,实现过程不变,前提是自定义加载class文件的路径不在三大加载器加载路径中(推荐);

    可以看到ClassLoader源码中有这个方法;

        /**
         * Finds the class with the specified <a href="#name">binary name</a>.
         * This method should be overridden by class loader implementations that
         * follow the delegation model for loading classes, and will be invoked by
         * the {@link #loadClass <tt>loadClass</tt>} method after checking the
         * parent class loader for the requested class.  The default implementation
         * throws a <tt>ClassNotFoundException</tt>.
         *
         * @param  name
         *         The <a href="#name">binary name</a> of the class
         *
         * @return  The resulting <tt>Class</tt> object
         *
         * @throws  ClassNotFoundException
         *          If the class could not be found
         *
         * @since  1.2
         */
        protected Class<?> findClass(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException {
            throw new ClassNotFoundException(name);
        }
    

    默认抛出异常,自定义ClassLoader一般都需要重写该方法;

    import java.io.*;
    
    public class CustomClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
    
        private static final String DRIVER = "D:\\idea_work\\ClassLoaderDemo\\classes";
    
        private static final String FILE_TYEP = ".class";
    
        @Override
        public Class findClass(String name) {
            byte[] data = loadClassData(name);
            return defineClass(name, data, 0, data.length);
        }
    
        private byte[] loadClassData(String name) {
            FileInputStream fis;
            byte[] data = null;
            try {
                File file = new File(DRIVER, name + FILE_TYEP);
                System.out.println(file.getAbsolutePath());
                fis = new FileInputStream(file);
                ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
                int ch;
                while ((ch = fis.read()) != -1) {
                    baos.write(ch);
                }
                data = baos.toByteArray();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return data;
        }
    }
    

    再次执行Main程序正常输出。

    疑问:可以编写java.lang.xxx,自定义替换加载?

    编写java.lang.String类:

    package java.lang;
    
    public class String {
        
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            System.out.println("String");
        }
    }
    

    运行打印错误信息:

    错误: 在类 java.lang.String 中找不到 main 方法, 请将 main 方法定义为:
       public static void main(String[] args)
    否则 JavaFX 应用程序类必须扩展javafx.application.Application
    

    根据双亲委托模型String早已在BootstrapClassLoader中加载过原生的,所以这里会提示找不到main方法;

    编写java.lang.Test类:

    package java.lang;
    
    public class Test {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            System.out.println("Test");
        }
    }
    

    运行打印错误信息:

    Error: A JNI error has occurred, please check your installation and try again
    Exception in thread "main" java.lang.SecurityException: Prohibited package name: java.lang
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.preDefineClass(ClassLoader.java:662)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.defineClass(ClassLoader.java:761)
        at java.security.SecureClassLoader.defineClass(SecureClassLoader.java:142)
        at java.net.URLClassLoader.defineClass(URLClassLoader.java:467)
        at java.net.URLClassLoader.access$100(URLClassLoader.java:73)
        at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:368)
        at java.net.URLClassLoader$1.run(URLClassLoader.java:362)
        at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(Native Method)
        at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:361)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:424)
        at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:338)
        at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:357)
        at sun.launcher.LauncherHelper.checkAndLoadMain(LauncherHelper.java:495)
    

    应该是由于Java的安全机制禁止自己命名包名java.lang的,查看ClassLoader源码看到有个preDefineClass方法:

    /* Determine protection domain, and check that:
        - not define java.* class,
        - signer of this class matches signers for the rest of the classes in
          package.
    */
    private ProtectionDomain preDefineClass(String name,
                                            ProtectionDomain pd)
    {
        if (!checkName(name))
            throw new NoClassDefFoundError("IllegalName: " + name);
    
        // Note:  Checking logic in java.lang.invoke.MemberName.checkForTypeAlias
        // relies on the fact that spoofing is impossible if a class has a name
        // of the form "java.*"
        if ((name != null) && name.startsWith("java.")) {
            throw new SecurityException
                ("Prohibited package name: " +
                 name.substring(0, name.lastIndexOf('.')));
        }
        if (pd == null) {
            pd = defaultDomain;
        }
    
        if (name != null) checkCerts(name, pd.getCodeSource());
    
        return pd;
    }
    

    这个是在defineClass也就是将class文件字节流数组转换为Class对象时预处理过程,并且是private私有,不允许子类进行修改,因而编写java开头的包名加载都会受到限制。

    七、参考文章

    1. 一看你就懂,超详细java中的ClassLoader详解

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