企鹅欧洲史5：基督教欧洲的巨变1⃣️

引言

1054年罗马与君士坦丁堡互不相认。12-15世纪基督教世界的内部威胁：经济采邑制导致的效忠对象各不相同，黑死病重挫经济，天主教会大分裂。16-17世纪的核心问题是基督教世界何去何从，也就是本书所谈的时间段，书名是Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517-1648，“欧洲”取“基督教世界”而代之。

第一章

elements which contributed to the fall of western Christendom ——

- Renaissance : the revival of classical texts & ideas; public / republic; geographical discoveries in the wider world; cosmology.

- Religions diversity : Protestant Reformation VS the revival of the Roman Catholic Church

- Ottoman expansion —> waning of crusade

- The Holy Roman Emperor : a Habsburg dynastic instrument

- Dynasticism (the dominant political order) VS localism (weak link) + weak loyalties (fundamental problem)

- Christian commonwealths VS Post-Reformation religions

- Europe’s paroxysm : military activity —> economic divergences + weakening social cohesion

- Europe’s age of discovery : far-away new worlds + its own spatial identity

- Silver age & its aftermath : inflation