本篇介绍如何使用R软件和ggplot2包来制作直方图，我们需要用到geom_histgramh函数，也可以用geom_vline函数去增加线条展示平均值。

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准备数据

set.seed(1234)
df <- data.frame(
  sex=factor(rep(c("F", "M"), each=200)),
  weight=round(c(rnorm(200, mean=55, sd=5), rnorm(200, mean=65, sd=5)))
  )
head(df)
##   sex weight
## 1   F     49
## 2   F     56
## 3   F     60
## 4   F     43
## 5   F     57
## 6   F     58

基础直方图

library(ggplot2)
# Basic histogram
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight)) + geom_histogram()
# Change the width of bins
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth=1)
# Change colors
p<-ggplot(df, aes(x=weight)) + 
  geom_histogram(color="black", fill="white")
p

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增加平均值与密度图

# Add mean line
p+ geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(weight)),
            color="blue", linetype="dashed", size=1)
# Histogram with density plot
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight)) + 
 geom_histogram(aes(y=..density..), colour="black", fill="white")+
 geom_density(alpha=.2, fill="#FF6666") 

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改变线形与颜色

# Change line color and fill color
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight))+
  geom_histogram(color="darkblue", fill="lightblue")
# Change line type
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight))+
  geom_histogram(color="black", fill="lightblue",
                 linetype="dashed")

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分组展示

library(plyr)
mu <- ddply(df, "sex", summarise, grp.mean=mean(weight))
head(mu)
# Change histogram plot line colors by groups
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight, color=sex)) +
  geom_histogram(fill="white")
# 重叠 histograms
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight, color=sex)) +
  geom_histogram(fill="white", alpha=0.5, position="identity")
  
# 交错 histograms
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight, color=sex)) +
  geom_histogram(fill="white", position="dodge")+
  theme(legend.position="top")
  
# Add mean lines
p<-ggplot(df, aes(x=weight, color=sex)) +
  geom_histogram(fill="white", position="dodge")+
  geom_vline(data=mu, aes(xintercept=grp.mean, color=sex),
             linetype="dashed")+
  theme(legend.position="top")
p 

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自定义线条颜色

自定义填充color改为fill即可

# Use custom color palettes
p+scale_color_manual(values=c("#999999", "#E69F00", "#56B4E9"))
# Use brewer color palettes
p+scale_color_brewer(palette="Dark2")
# Use grey scale
p + scale_color_grey() + theme_classic() +
  theme(legend.position="top")

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自定义主题与文本

# Basic histogram
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight, fill=sex)) +
  geom_histogram(fill="white", color="black")+
  geom_vline(aes(xintercept=mean(weight)), color="blue",
             linetype="dashed")+
  labs(title="Weight histogram plot",x="Weight(kg)", y = "Count")+
  theme_classic()
# Change line colors by groups
ggplot(df, aes(x=weight, color=sex, fill=sex)) +
  geom_histogram(position="identity", alpha=0.5)+
  #geom_density(alpha=0.6)+
  geom_vline(data=mu, aes(xintercept=grp.mean, color=sex),
             linetype="dashed")+
  scale_color_manual(values=c("#999999", "#E69F00", "#56B4E9"))+
  scale_fill_manual(values=c("#999999", "#E69F00", "#56B4E9"))+
  labs(title="Weight histogram plot",x="Weight(kg)", y = "Count")+
  theme_classic()
  
  p<-ggplot(df, aes(x=weight, color=sex)) +
  geom_histogram(fill="white", position="dodge")+
  geom_vline(data=mu, aes(xintercept=grp.mean, color=sex),
             linetype="dashed")
# Continuous colors
p + scale_color_brewer(palette="Paired") + 
  theme_classic()+theme(legend.position="top")
# Discrete colors
p + scale_color_brewer(palette="Dark2") +
  theme_minimal()+theme_classic()+theme(legend.position="top")
# Gradient colors
p + scale_color_brewer(palette="Accent") + 
  theme_minimal()+theme(legend.position="top")

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参考链接: http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/ggplot2-box-plot-quick-start-guide-r-software-and-data-visualization