推荐阅读:
什么是内存淘汰
内存淘汰,和平时我们设置redis key的过期时间,不是一回事;内存淘汰是说,假设我们限定redis只能使用8g内存,现在已经使用了这么多了(包括设置了过期时间的key和没设过期时间的key),那,后续的set操作,还怎么办呢?
是不是只能报错了?
那不行啊,不科学吧,因为有的key,可能已经很久没人用了,可能以后也不会再用到了,那我们是不是可以把这类key给干掉呢?
干掉key的过程,就是内存淘汰。
内存淘汰什么时候启用
当我们在配置文件里设置了如下属性时:
# maxmemory <bytes>
默认,该属性是被注释掉的。
其实,这个配置项的注释,相当有价值,我们来看看:
# Don't use more memory than the specified amount of bytes.
# When the memory limit is reached Redis will try to remove keys
# according to the eviction policy selected (see maxmemory-policy).
#
# If Redis can't remove keys according to the policy, or if the policy is
# set to 'noeviction', Redis will start to reply with errors to commands
# that would use more memory, like SET, LPUSH, and so on, and will continue
# to reply to read-only commands like GET.
#
# This option is usually useful when using Redis as an LRU cache, or to set
# a hard memory limit for an instance (using the 'noeviction' policy).
#
# WARNING: If you have slaves attached to an instance with maxmemory on,
# the size of the output buffers needed to feed the slaves are subtracted
# from the used memory count, so that network problems / resyncs will
# not trigger a loop where keys are evicted, and in turn the output
# buffer of slaves is full with DELs of keys evicted triggering the deletion
# of more keys, and so forth until the database is completely emptied.
#
# In short... if you have slaves attached it is suggested that you set a lower
# limit for maxmemory so that there is some free RAM on the system for slave
# output buffers (but this is not needed if the policy is 'noeviction').
#
# maxmemory <bytes>
渣翻译如下:
不能使用超过指定数量bytes的内存。当该内存限制被达到时,redis会根据过期策略(eviction policy,通过参数 maxmemory-policy来指定)来驱逐key。
如果redis根据指定的策略,或者策略被设置为“noeviction”,redis会开始针对如下这种命令,回复错误。什么命令呢?会使用更多内存的那类命令,比如set、lpush;只读命令还是不受影响,可以正常响应。
该选项通常在redis使用LRU缓存时有用,或者在使用noeviction策略时,设置一个进程级别的内存limit。
内存淘汰策略
所谓策略,意思是,当我们要删除部分key的时候,删哪些,不删哪些?是不是需要一个策略?比如是随机删,就像灭霸一样?还是按照lru时间来删,lru的策略意思就是,最近最少使用的key,将被优先删除。
总之,我们需要定一个规则。
redis默认支持以下策略:
# MAXMEMORY POLICY: how Redis will select what to remove when maxmemory
# is reached. You can select among five behaviors:
#
# volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm
# allkeys-lru -> remove any key accordingly to the LRU algorithm
# volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set
# allkeys-random -> remove a random key, any key
# volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)
# noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations
#
# Note: with any of the above policies, Redis will return an error on write
# operations, when there are not suitable keys for eviction.
#
# At the date of writing this commands are: set setnx setex append
# incr decr rpush lpush rpushx lpushx linsert lset rpoplpush sadd
# sinter sinterstore sunion sunionstore sdiff sdiffstore zadd zincrby
# zunionstore zinterstore hset hsetnx hmset hincrby incrby decrby
# getset mset msetnx exec sort
#
# The default is:
#
# maxmemory-policy noeviction
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru
针对设置了过期时间的,使用lru算法
# volatile-lru -> remove the key with an expire set using an LRU algorithm
针对全部key,使用lru算法
# allkeys-lru -> remove any key accordingly to the LRU algorithm
针对设置了过期时间的,随机删
# volatile-random -> remove a random key with an expire set
针对全部key,随机删
# allkeys-random -> remove a random key, any key
针对设置了过期时间的,马上要过期的,删掉
# volatile-ttl -> remove the key with the nearest expire time (minor TTL)
不过期,不能写了,就报错
# noeviction -> don't expire at all, just return an error on write operations
源码实现
配置读取
在如下结构体中,定义了如下字段:
struct redisServer {
...
unsigned long long maxmemory; /* Max number of memory bytes to use */
int maxmemory_policy; /* Policy for key eviction */
int maxmemory_samples; /* Pricision of random sampling */
...
}
当我们在配置文件中,进入如下配置时,该结构体中几个字段的值如下:
maxmemory 3mb
maxmemory-policy allkeys-lru
# maxmemory-samples 5 这个取了默认值
maxmemory_policy为3,是因为枚举值为3:
#define REDIS_MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_LRU 0
#define REDIS_MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_TTL 1
#define REDIS_MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_RANDOM 2
#define REDIS_MAXMEMORY_ALLKEYS_LRU 3
#define REDIS_MAXMEMORY_ALLKEYS_RANDOM 4
#define REDIS_MAXMEMORY_NO_EVICTION 5
#define REDIS_DEFAULT_MAXMEMORY_POLICY REDIS_MAXMEMORY_NO_EVICTION
处理命令时,判断是否进行内存淘汰
在处理命令的时候,会调用中的
redis.c processCommand
int processCommand(redisClient *c) {
/* The QUIT command is handled separately. Normal command procs will
* go through checking for replication and QUIT will cause trouble
* when FORCE_REPLICATION is enabled and would be implemented in
* a regular command proc. */
// 特别处理 quit 命令
void *commandName = c->argv[0]->ptr;
redisLog(REDIS_NOTICE, "The server is now processing %s", commandName);
if (!strcasecmp(c->argv[0]->ptr, "quit")) {
addReply(c, shared.ok);
c->flags |= REDIS_CLOSE_AFTER_REPLY;
return REDIS_ERR;
}
/* Now lookup the command and check ASAP about trivial error conditions
* such as wrong arity, bad command name and so forth. */
// 1 查找命令,并进行命令合法性检查,以及命令参数个数检查
c->cmd = c->lastcmd = lookupCommand(c->argv[0]->ptr);
if (!c->cmd) {
// 没找到指定的命令
flagTransaction(c);
addReplyErrorFormat(c, "unknown command '%s'",
(char *) c->argv[0]->ptr);
return REDIS_OK;
}
/* Check if the user is authenticated */
//2 检查认证信息
if (server.requirepass && !c->authenticated && c->cmd->proc != authCommand) {
flagTransaction(c);
addReply(c, shared.noautherr);
return REDIS_OK;
}
/* If cluster is enabled perform the cluster redirection here.
*
* 3 如果开启了集群模式,那么在这里进行转向操作。
*
* However we don't perform the redirection if:
*
* 不过,如果有以下情况出现,那么节点不进行转向:
*
* 1) The sender of this command is our master.
* 命令的发送者是本节点的主节点
*
* 2) The command has no key arguments.
* 命令没有 key 参数
*/
if (server.cluster_enabled &&
!(c->flags & REDIS_MASTER) &&
!(c->cmd->getkeys_proc == NULL && c->cmd->firstkey == 0)) {
int hashslot;
// 集群已下线
if (server.cluster->state != REDIS_CLUSTER_OK) {
flagTransaction(c);
addReplySds(c, sdsnew("-CLUSTERDOWN The cluster is down. Use CLUSTER INFO for more information\r\n"));
return REDIS_OK;
// 集群运作正常
} else {
int error_code;
clusterNode *n = getNodeByQuery(c, c->cmd, c->argv, c->argc, &hashslot, &error_code);
// 不能执行多键处理命令
if (n == NULL) {
flagTransaction(c);
if (error_code == REDIS_CLUSTER_REDIR_CROSS_SLOT) {
addReplySds(c, sdsnew("-CROSSSLOT Keys in request don't hash to the same slot\r\n"));
} else if (error_code == REDIS_CLUSTER_REDIR_UNSTABLE) {
/* The request spawns mutliple keys in the same slot,
* but the slot is not "stable" currently as there is
* a migration or import in progress. */
addReplySds(c, sdsnew("-TRYAGAIN Multiple keys request during rehashing of slot\r\n"));
} else {
redisPanic("getNodeByQuery() unknown error.");
}
return REDIS_OK;
//3.1 命令针对的槽和键不是本节点处理的,进行转向
} else if (n != server.cluster->myself) {
flagTransaction(c);
// -<ASK or MOVED> <slot> <ip>:<port>
// 例如 -ASK 10086 127.0.0.1:12345
addReplySds(c, sdscatprintf(sdsempty(),
"-%s %d %s:%d\r\n",
(error_code == REDIS_CLUSTER_REDIR_ASK) ? "ASK" : "MOVED",
hashslot, n->ip, n->port));
return REDIS_OK;
}
// 如果执行到这里,说明键 key 所在的槽由本节点处理
// 或者客户端执行的是无参数命令
}
}
/* Handle the maxmemory directive.
*
* First we try to free some memory if possible (if there are volatile
* keys in the dataset). If there are not the only thing we can do
* is returning an error. */
//4 如果设置了最大内存,那么检查内存是否超过限制,并做相应的操作
if (server.maxmemory) {
//4.1 如果内存已超过限制,那么尝试通过删除过期键来释放内存
int retval = freeMemoryIfNeeded();
// 如果即将要执行的命令可能占用大量内存(REDIS_CMD_DENYOOM)
// 并且前面的内存释放失败的话
// 那么向客户端返回内存错误
if ((c->cmd->flags & REDIS_CMD_DENYOOM) && retval == REDIS_ERR) {
flagTransaction(c);
addReply(c, shared.oomerr);
return REDIS_OK;
}
}
....
- 1处,查找命令,对应的函数指针(类似于java里的策略模式,根据命令,找对应的策略)
- 2处,检查,是否密码正确
- 3处,集群相关操作;
- 3.1处,不是本节点处理,直接返回ask,指示客户端转向
- 4处,判断是否设置了maxMemory,这里就是本文重点:设置了maxMemory时,内存淘汰策略
- 4.1处,调用了下方的 freeMemoryIfNeeded
接下来,深入4.1处:
int freeMemoryIfNeeded(void) {
size_t mem_used, mem_tofree, mem_freed;
int slaves = listLength(server.slaves);
/* Remove the size of slaves output buffers and AOF buffer from the
* count of used memory. */
// 计算出 Redis 目前占用的内存总数,但有两个方面的内存不会计算在内:
// 1)从服务器的输出缓冲区的内存
// 2)AOF 缓冲区的内存
mem_used = zmalloc_used_memory();
if (slaves) {
...
}
if (server.aof_state != REDIS_AOF_OFF) {
mem_used -= sdslen(server.aof_buf);
mem_used -= aofRewriteBufferSize();
}
/* Check if we are over the memory limit. */
//1 如果目前使用的内存大小比设置的 maxmemory 要小,那么无须执行进一步操作
if (mem_used <= server.maxmemory) return REDIS_OK;
//2 如果占用内存比 maxmemory 要大,但是 maxmemory 策略为不淘汰,那么直接返回
if (server.maxmemory_policy == REDIS_MAXMEMORY_NO_EVICTION)
return REDIS_ERR; /* We need to free memory, but policy forbids. */
/* Compute how much memory we need to free. */
// 3 计算需要释放多少字节的内存
mem_tofree = mem_used - server.maxmemory;
// 初始化已释放内存的字节数为 0
mem_freed = 0;
// 根据 maxmemory 策略,
//4 遍历字典,释放内存并记录被释放内存的字节数
while (mem_freed < mem_tofree) {
int j, k, keys_freed = 0;
// 遍历所有字典
for (j = 0; j < server.dbnum; j++) {
long bestval = 0; /* just to prevent warning */
sds bestkey = NULL;
dictEntry *de;
redisDb *db = server.db + j;
dict *dict;
if (server.maxmemory_policy == REDIS_MAXMEMORY_ALLKEYS_LRU ||
server.maxmemory_policy == REDIS_MAXMEMORY_ALLKEYS_RANDOM) {
// 如果策略是 allkeys-lru 或者 allkeys-random
//5 那么淘汰的目标为所有数据库键
dict = server.db[j].dict;
} else {
// 如果策略是 volatile-lru 、 volatile-random 或者 volatile-ttl
//6 那么淘汰的目标为带过期时间的数据库键
dict = server.db[j].expires;
}
/* volatile-random and allkeys-random policy */
// 如果使用的是随机策略,那么从目标字典中随机选出键
if (server.maxmemory_policy == REDIS_MAXMEMORY_ALLKEYS_RANDOM ||
server.maxmemory_policy == REDIS_MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_RANDOM) {
de = dictGetRandomKey(dict);
bestkey = dictGetKey(de);
}
/* volatile-lru and allkeys-lru policy */
//7
else if (server.maxmemory_policy == REDIS_MAXMEMORY_ALLKEYS_LRU ||
server.maxmemory_policy == REDIS_MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_LRU) {
struct evictionPoolEntry *pool = db->eviction_pool;
while (bestkey == NULL) {
// 8
evictionPoolPopulate(dict, db->dict, db->eviction_pool);
/* Go backward from best to worst element to evict. */
for (k = REDIS_EVICTION_POOL_SIZE - 1; k >= 0; k--) {
if (pool[k].key == NULL) continue;
// 8.1
de = dictFind(dict, pool[k].key);
/* 8.2 Remove the entry from the pool. */
sdsfree(pool[k].key);
/* Shift all elements on its right to left. */
memmove(pool + k, pool + k + 1,
sizeof(pool[0]) * (REDIS_EVICTION_POOL_SIZE - k - 1));
/* Clear the element on the right which is empty
* since we shifted one position to the left. */
pool[REDIS_EVICTION_POOL_SIZE - 1].key = NULL;
pool[REDIS_EVICTION_POOL_SIZE - 1].idle = 0;
/* If the key exists, is our pick. Otherwise it is
* a ghost and we need to try the next element. */
// 8.3
if (de) {
bestkey = dictGetKey(de);
break;
} else {
/* Ghost... */
continue;
}
}
}
}
/* volatile-ttl */
// 策略为 volatile-ttl ,从一集 sample 键中选出过期时间距离当前时间最接近的键
else if (server.maxmemory_policy == REDIS_MAXMEMORY_VOLATILE_TTL) {
...
}
/* Finally remove the selected key. */
// 8.4 删除被选中的键
if (bestkey) {
long long delta;
robj *keyobj = createStringObject(bestkey, sdslen(bestkey));
propagateExpire(db, keyobj);
/* We compute the amount of memory freed by dbDelete() alone.
* It is possible that actually the memory needed to propagate
* the DEL in AOF and replication link is greater than the one
* we are freeing removing the key, but we can't account for
* that otherwise we would never exit the loop.
*
* AOF and Output buffer memory will be freed eventually so
* we only care about memory used by the key space. */
// 计算删除键所释放的内存数量
delta = (long long) zmalloc_used_memory();
dbDelete(db, keyobj);
delta -= (long long) zmalloc_used_memory();
mem_freed += delta;
// 对淘汰键的计数器增一
server.stat_evictedkeys++;
notifyKeyspaceEvent(REDIS_NOTIFY_EVICTED, "evicted",
keyobj, db->id);
decrRefCount(keyobj);
keys_freed++;
...
}
}
if (!keys_freed) return REDIS_ERR; /* nothing to free... */
}
return REDIS_OK;
}
-
1处,如果目前使用的内存大小比设置的 maxmemory 要小,那么无须执行进一步操作
-
2处,如果占用内存比 maxmemory 要大,但是 maxmemory 策略为不淘汰,那么直接返回
-
3处,计算需要释放多少字节的内存
-
4处,遍历字典,释放内存并记录被释放内存的字节数
-
5处,如果策略是 allkeys-lru 或者 allkeys-random 那么淘汰的目标为所有数据库键
-
6处,如果策略是 volatile-lru 、 volatile-random 或者 volatile-ttl ,那么淘汰的目标为带过期时间的数据库键
-
7处,如果使用的是 LRU 策略, 那么从 sample 键中选出 IDLE 时间最长的那个键
-
8处,调用evictionPoolPopulate,该函数在下面讲解,该函数的功能是,传入一个链表,即这里的db->eviction_pool,然后在函数内部,随机找出n个key,放入传入的链表中,并按照空闲时间排序,空闲最久的,放到最后。
当该函数,返回后,db->eviction_pool这个链表里就存放了我们要淘汰的key。
-
8.1处,找到这个key,这个key,在后边会被删除
-
8.2处,下面这一段,从db->eviction_pool将这个已经处理了的key删掉
-
8.3处,如果这个key,是存在的,则跳出循环,在后面8.4处,会被删除
-
8.4处,删除这个key
选择哪些key作为被淘汰的key
前面我们看到,在7处,如果为lru策略,则会进入8处的函数:
evictionPoolPopulate。
该函数的名称为:填充(populate)驱逐(eviction)对象池(pool)。驱逐的意思,就是现在达到了maxmemory,没办法,只能开始删除掉一部分元素,来腾空间了,不然新的put类型的命令,根本没办法执行。
该方法的大概思路是,使用lru的时候,随机找n个key,类似于抽样,然后放到一个链表,根据空闲时间排序。
具体看看该方法的实现:
void evictionPoolPopulate(dict *sampledict, dict *keydict, struct evictionPoolEntry *pool) {
其中,传入的第三个参数,是要被填充的对象,在c语言中,习惯传入一个入参,然后在函数内部填充或者修改入参对象的属性。
该属性,就是前面说的那个链表,用来存放收集的随机的元素,该链表中节点的结构如下:
struct evictionPoolEntry {
unsigned long long idle; /* Object idle time. */
sds key; /* Key name. */
};
该结构共2个字段,一个存储key,一个存储空闲时间。
该链表中,共maxmemory-samples个元素,会按照idle时间长短排序,idle时间长的在链表尾部,(假设头在左,尾在右)。
void evictionPoolPopulate(dict *sampledict, dict *keydict, struct evictionPoolEntry *pool) {
int j, k, count;
dictEntry *_samples[EVICTION_SAMPLES_ARRAY_SIZE];
dictEntry **samples;
/* Try to use a static buffer: this function is a big hit...
* Note: it was actually measured that this helps. */
if (server.maxmemory_samples <= EVICTION_SAMPLES_ARRAY_SIZE) {
samples = _samples;
} else {
samples = zmalloc(sizeof(samples[0]) * server.maxmemory_samples);
}
/* 1 Use bulk get by default. */
count = dictGetRandomKeys(sampledict, samples, server.maxmemory_samples);
// 2
for (j = 0; j < count; j++) {
unsigned long long idle;
sds key;
robj *o;
dictEntry *de;
de = samples[j];
key = dictGetKey(de);
/* If the dictionary we are sampling from is not the main
* dictionary (but the expires one) we need to lookup the key
* again in the key dictionary to obtain the value object. */
if (sampledict != keydict) de = dictFind(keydict, key);
// 3
o = dictGetVal(de);
// 4
idle = estimateObjectIdleTime(o);
/* 5 Insert the element inside the pool.
* First, find the first empty bucket or the first populated
* bucket that has an idle time smaller than our idle time. */
k = 0;
while (k < REDIS_EVICTION_POOL_SIZE &&
pool[k].key &&
pool[k].idle < idle)
k++;
...
// 6
pool[k].key = sdsdup(key);
pool[k].idle = idle;
}
if (samples != _samples) zfree(samples);
}
-
1处,获取
server.maxmemory_samples
个key,这里是随机获取的,(dictGetRandomKeys),这个值,默认值为5,放到samples中 -
2处,遍历返回来的samples
-
3处,调用如下宏,获取val
he的类型为dictEntry:
/*
* 哈希表节点
*/
typedef struct dictEntry {
// 键
void *key;
// 值
union {
// 1
void *val;
uint64_t u64;
int64_t s64;
} v;
// 指向下个哈希表节点,形成链表
struct dictEntry *next;
} dictEntry;
所以,这里去
Copy
robj *o;
o = dictGetVal(de);
实际就是获取其v属性中的val,(1处):
robj *o;
o = dictGetVal(de);
- 4处,准备计算该val的空闲时间
我们上面3处,看到,获取的o的类型为robj。我们现在看看怎么计算对象的空闲时长:
/* Given an object returns the min number of milliseconds the object was never
* requested, using an approximated LRU algorithm. */
unsigned long long estimateObjectIdleTime(robj *o) {
//4.1 获取系统的当前时间
unsigned long long lruclock = LRU_CLOCK();
// 4.2
if (lruclock >= o->lru) {
// 4.3
return (lruclock - o->lru) * REDIS_LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION;
} else {
return (lruclock + (REDIS_LRU_CLOCK_MAX - o->lru)) *
REDIS_LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION;
}
}
这里,4.1处,获取系统的当前时间;
4.2处,如果系统时间,大于对象的lru时间
4.3处,则用系统时间减去对象的lru时间,再乘以单位,换算为毫秒,最终返回的单位,为毫秒(可以看注释。)
#define REDIS_LRU_CLOCK_RESOLUTION 1000 /* LRU clock resolution in ms */
-
5处,这里拿当前元素,和pool中已经放进去的元素,从第0个开始比较,如果当前元素的idle时长,大于pool中指针0指向的元素,则和pool中索引1的元素比较;直到条件不满足为止。
这句话意思就是,类似于冒泡,把当前元素一直往后冒,直到idle时长小于被比较的元素为止。
-
6处,把当前元素放进pool中。
经过上面的处理后,链表中存放了全部的抽样元素,且ide时间最长的,在最右边。
对象还有字段存储空闲时间?
前面4处,说到,用系统的当前时间,减去对象的lru时间。
大家看看对象的结构体
typedef struct redisObject {
// 类型
unsigned type:4;
// 编码
unsigned encoding:4;
//1 对象最后一次被访问的时间
unsigned lru:REDIS_LRU_BITS; /* lru time (relative to server.lruclock) */
// 引用计数
int refcount;
// 指向实际值的指针
void *ptr;
} robj;
上面1处,lru属性,就是用来存储这个。
创建对象时,直接使用当前系统时间创建
robj *createObject(int type, void *ptr) {
robj *o = zmalloc(sizeof(*o));
o->type = type;
o->encoding = REDIS_ENCODING_RAW;
o->ptr = ptr;
o->refcount = 1;
/*1 Set the LRU to the current lruclock (minutes resolution). */
o->lru = LRU_CLOCK();
return o;
}
1处即是。
robj *createEmbeddedStringObject(char *ptr, size_t len) {
robj *o = zmalloc(sizeof(robj)+sizeof(struct sdshdr)+len+1);
struct sdshdr *sh = (void*)(o+1);
o->type = REDIS_STRING;
o->encoding = REDIS_ENCODING_EMBSTR;
o->ptr = sh+1;
o->refcount = 1;
// 1
o->lru = LRU_CLOCK();
sh->len = len;
sh->free = 0;
if (ptr) {
memcpy(sh->buf,ptr,len);
sh->buf[len] = '\0';
} else {
memset(sh->buf,0,len+1);
}
return o;
}
1处即是。
每次查找该key时,刷新时间
robj *lookupKey(redisDb *db, robj *key) {
// 查找键空间
dictEntry *de = dictFind(db->dict,key->ptr);
// 节点存在
if (de) {
// 取出值
robj *val = dictGetVal(de);
/* Update the access time for the ageing algorithm.
* Don't do it if we have a saving child, as this will trigger
* a copy on write madness. */
// 更新时间信息(只在不存在子进程时执行,防止破坏 copy-on-write 机制)
if (server.rdb_child_pid == -1 && server.aof_child_pid == -1)
// 1
val->lru = LRU_CLOCK();
// 返回值
return val;
} else {
// 节点不存在
return NULL;
}
}
1处即是,包括get、set等各种操作,都会刷新该时间。
仔细看下面的堆栈,set的,get同理:
总结
大家有没有更清楚一些呢?
总的来说,就是,设置了max-memory后,达到该内存限制后,会在处理命令时,检查是否要进行内存淘汰;如果要淘汰,则根据maxmemory-policy的策略来。
随机选择maxmemory-sample个元素,按照空闲时间排序,拉链表;挨个挨个清除。
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