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Android布局优化/ViewStub/merge/inclu

Android布局优化/ViewStub/merge/inclu

作者: 普通的程序员 | 来源:发表于2018-09-29 19:12 被阅读0次

    经常可能会被问到形如以下的问题:
    1.为什么在Android中使用ViewStub/merge/include可以帮我们完成布局优化?
    2.为什么ViewStub可以做到不占用布局资源/懒加载?
    3.merge标签为什么能做到减少嵌套?
    4.阿森纳
    5.为什么ViewStub多次调用inflate的报错?
    ....

    目录

    1.ViewStub初始化解析
    2.ViewStub使用
    3.ViewStub相关问题

    inflate源码解析
    https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/xHUeKc0xL2Si4-PJOIBVWQ

    4.include标签使用
    5.include标签解析
    6.merge标签使用
    7.merge标签解析
    8.merge标签问题
    9.参考资料

    ViewStub初始化解析

    ViewStub是View类的子类,其构造函数如下

          public ViewStub(Context context, AttributeSet attrs, int defStyleAttr, int defStyleRes){
                super(context);
        
                final TypedArray a = context.obtainStyledAttributes(attrs,
                        R.styleable.ViewStub, defStyleAttr, defStyleRes);
                mInflatedId = a.getResourceId(R.styleable.ViewStub_inflatedId, NO_ID);
                mLayoutResource = a.getResourceId(R.styleable.ViewStub_layout, 0);
                mID = a.getResourceId(R.styleable.ViewStub_id, NO_ID);
                a.recycle();
        
                setVisibility(GONE);
                setWillNotDraw(true);
            }
    

    构造函数先调用了一次setVisibility()和setWillNotDraw()方法;

    ViewStub复写了父类的setVisibility方法,在没有inflate之前,ViewStub的mInflatedViewRef是null,visibility为gone,所以这里是调用父类里的setVisibility(visibility)方法,完成flag的设置,可以简单的理解为:不可见

        @Override
        @android.view.RemotableViewMethod(asyncImpl = "setVisibilityAsync")
            public void setVisibility(int visibility) {
                if (mInflatedViewRef != null) {
                    View view = mInflatedViewRef.get();
                    if (view != null) {
                        view.setVisibility(visibility);
                    } else {
                        throw new IllegalStateException("setVisibility called on un-referenced view");
                    }
                } else {
                    super.setVisibility(visibility);
                    if (visibility == VISIBLE || visibility == INVISIBLE) {
                        inflate();
                    }
                }
            }
    

    然后直接调用的父类setWillNotDraw方法,也就是告诉view:"viewStub暂时不绘制"

        public void setWillNotDraw(boolean willNotDraw) {
            setFlags(willNotDraw ? WILL_NOT_DRAW : 0, DRAW_MASK);
        }
    

    onMeasure方法直接设置宽高为0

        @Override
        protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
            setMeasuredDimension(0, 0);
        }
    

    以上是ViewStub的初始化过程做的事,回答了开头的第二个问题,
    『ViewStub是一个不可见的,不绘制,大小为0的视图。』

    ViewStub使用

    当业务需要显示ViewStub里的布局时,调用setVisibility方法,可见性设为true

        ViewStub viewStub = findViewById(R.id.viewStub);
        viewStub.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
    

    实际上是调用了ViewStub的私有inflate方法

        public View inflate() {
                final ViewParent viewParent = getParent();
        
                if (viewParent != null && viewParent instanceof ViewGroup) {//#1
                    if (mLayoutResource != 0) {
                        final ViewGroup parent = (ViewGroup) viewParent;
                        final View view = inflateViewNoAdd(parent);//#2
                        replaceSelfWithView(view, parent);//#3
        
                        mInflatedViewRef = new WeakReference<>(view);//#4
                        if (mInflateListener != null) {
                            mInflateListener.onInflate(this, view);//#5
                        }
        
                        return view;
                    } else {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("ViewStub must have a valid layoutResource");
                    }
                } else {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("ViewStub must have a non-null ViewGroup viewParent");
                }
            }
    

    1.调用getParent方法拿父View,父View为空(为空怎么添加嘛)或者父view不是viewGroup(不是VG怎么添加?)抛出异常;

    2.父view检测正常后,调用inflateViewNoAdd方法,其本质上是从layout文件里生成一个view

        final View view = factory.inflate(mLayoutResource, parent, false);
    

    这也是为什么ViewStub是懒加载的原因,只有当ViewStub被要求setVisible(Visible)的时候才初始化该view。

    看到这个inflate方法的第三个参数attachToRoot为false,这个也解释了为什么ViewStub里使用的layout根标签不能为merge标签,报错堆栈更加明了:

    android.view.InflateException: Binary XML file line #2: <merge /> can be used only with a valid ViewGroup root and attachToRoot=true
        Caused by: android.view.InflateException: <merge /> can be used only with a valid ViewGroup root and attachToRoot=true
            at android.view.LayoutInflater.inflate(LayoutInflater.java:485)
            at android.view.LayoutInflater.inflate(LayoutInflater.java:423)
            at android.view.ViewStub.inflateViewNoAdd(ViewStub.java:269)
            at android.view.ViewStub.inflate(ViewStub.java:302)
            at android.view.ViewStub.setVisibility(ViewStub.java:247)
    

    3.调用replaceSelfWithView,从父view中找到自己ViewStub,删除自己这个节点,然后把生产的view加到这个位置,完成replace;

        private void replaceSelfWithView(View view, ViewGroup parent) {
            final int index = parent.indexOfChild(this);
            parent.removeViewInLayout(this);
        
            final ViewGroup.LayoutParams layoutParams = getLayoutParams();
            if (layoutParams != null) {
                parent.addView(view, index, layoutParams);
            } else {
                parent.addView(view, index);
            }
        }
    

    这个就回答了为什么多次inflate会报空指针错误,这里已经把自己删除了,findViewById的时候就找不到了。

    4.初始化一个弱引用,把view传进去;

    mInflatedViewRef的作用呢,在后续再次调用setVisibility的时候,从mInflatedViewRef取出view,就不用再初始化view了。

    5.回调OnInflateListener的inflate方法;

    该回调的作用见注释

        Listener used to receive a notification after a ViewStub has 
    successfully inflated its layout resource.
    

    linstener是ViewStubProxy代理类里进行设置
    这个代理的作用???????(埋坑,先下班)
    这个代理在哪里初始化???

    ViewStub相关问题

    1.为什么ViewStub能优化布局性能?
    因为ViewStub是一个不可见,不绘制,0大小的View,可以做到懒加载。

    2.ViewStub懒加载的原理是?
    它的inflate过程是在初次要求可见的时候进行的,也就是按需加载。

    3.ViewStub的layout能用merge做根标签么?
    不能,因为merge的布局要求attachToRoot为true,而ViewStub内部实现inflate布局的方法,attachToRoot为false。

    4.ViewStub标签内能加入其他view么?
    不能,ViewStub是一个自闭合标签,引用的布局通过layout属性进行引用,需另外写xml布局文件。

    <ViewStub
            android:id="@+id/viewStub"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="match_parent"
            android:layout="@layout/vs_content" />
    

    5.ViewStub多次调用inflate/setVisible会发生什么情况?

    • 如果ViewStub是局部变量,多次调用其首先会通过findViewById的方法去找ViewStub,后续会返回null,调用inflate/setVisibility时会报NPE
     java.lang.NullPointerException: Attempt to invoke virtual method 
    'android.view.View android.view.ViewStub.inflate()' on a null object reference
    

    原因是初次inflate后会内部调用replaceSelfWithView方法,把viewStub节点从ViewTree里删除。

    • 如果ViewStub是全局变量,多次调用inflate,会抛出异常
      java.lang.IllegalStateException: ViewStub must have a non-null ViewGroup viewParent
    

    因为初次inflate之后自己已经从ViewTree中删除了,但是inflate会先判断能不能拿到viewStub自己的parentView,后续是拿不到即抛出异常。

    多次调用setVisible没有问题,因为只会调用一次inflate,内部是通过mInflatedViewRef拿view。

    如果还想再次显示ViewStub 引用的布局/view(以下这种写法),则建议主动try catch这些异常。

    try {
          View viewStub = viewStub.inflate();     
        //inflate 方法只能被调用一次,
          hintText = (TextView) viewStub.findViewById(R.id.tv_vsContent);
          hintText.setText("没有相关数据,请刷新");
          } catch (Exception e) {
           viewStub.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
          } finally {
            hintText.setText("没有相关数据,请刷新");
        }
    
    viewStub inflate前 viewStub inflate后

    include标签的使用

    就很简单的在xml里引入

    <include  
            android:id="@+id/my_title_ly"  
            android:layout_width="match_parent"  
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"  
            layout="@layout/my_title_layout" />  
    

    为什么那么简单,因为实际上就是对xml的解析,遇到了include后进行处理,源码在LayoutInflater的rInflate方法里。

    include标签解析

    void rInflate(XmlPullParser parser, View parent, Context context,
                AttributeSet attrs, boolean finishInflate) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
    ....这里只关注include标签的解析...
     else if (TAG_INCLUDE.equals(name)) {
             if (parser.getDepth() == 0) {
                  throw new InflateException("<include /> cannot be the root element");
            }
             parseInclude(parser, context, parent, attrs);
        }
       ...源码有省略...
    }
    
    private void parseInclude(XmlPullParser parser, Context context, View parent,
                AttributeSet attrs) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
            int type;
            //父view必须是ViewGroup,否则抛出异常
            if (parent instanceof ViewGroup) {
                //处理主题
                final TypedArray ta = context.obtainStyledAttributes(attrs, ATTRS_THEME);
                final int themeResId = ta.getResourceId(0, 0);
                final boolean hasThemeOverride = themeResId != 0;
                if (hasThemeOverride) {
                    context = new ContextThemeWrapper(context, themeResId);
                }
                ta.recycle();
    
                //include标签中没有设置layout属性,会抛出异常  
                int layout = attrs.getAttributeResourceValue(null, ATTR_LAYOUT, 0);
                if (layout == 0) {
                    final String value = attrs.getAttributeValue(null, ATTR_LAYOUT);
                    if (value == null || value.length() <= 0) {
                        throw new InflateException("You must specify a layout in the"
                                + " include tag: <include layout=\"@layout/layoutID\" />");
                    }
                    layout = context.getResources().getIdentifier(
                            value.substring(1), "attr", context.getPackageName());
    
                }
    
                // 这里可能会出现layout是从theme里引用的情况
                if (mTempValue == null) {
                    mTempValue = new TypedValue();
                }
                if (layout != 0 && context.getTheme().resolveAttribute(layout, mTempValue, true)) {
                    layout = mTempValue.resourceId;
                }
    
                if (layout == 0) {
                    final String value = attrs.getAttributeValue(null, ATTR_LAYOUT);
                    throw new InflateException("You must specify a valid layout "
                            + "reference. The layout ID " + value + " is not valid.");
                } else {
                    final XmlResourceParser childParser = context.getResources().getLayout(layout);
    
                    try {
                        final AttributeSet childAttrs = Xml.asAttributeSet(childParser);
    
                        while ((type = childParser.next()) != XmlPullParser.START_TAG &&
                                type != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT) {
                            // Empty.
                        }
    
                        if (type != XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
                            throw new InflateException(childParser.getPositionDescription() +
                                    ": No start tag found!");
                        }
    
                        final String childName = childParser.getName();
    
                        if (TAG_MERGE.equals(childName)) {
                            // The <merge> tag doesn't support android:theme, so
                            // nothing special to do here.
                            rInflate(childParser, parent, context, childAttrs, false);
                        } else {
                            final View view = createViewFromTag(parent, childName,
                                    context, childAttrs, hasThemeOverride);
                            final ViewGroup group = (ViewGroup) parent;
    
                            final TypedArray a = context.obtainStyledAttributes(
                                    attrs, R.styleable.Include);
                            final int id = a.getResourceId(R.styleable.Include_id, View.NO_ID);
                            final int visibility = a.getInt(R.styleable.Include_visibility, -1);
                            a.recycle();
    
                            // We try to load the layout params set in the <include /> tag.
                            // If the parent can't generate layout params (ex. missing width
                            // or height for the framework ViewGroups, though this is not
                            // necessarily true of all ViewGroups) then we expect it to throw
                            // a runtime exception.
                            // We catch this exception and set localParams accordingly: true
                            // means we successfully loaded layout params from the <include>
                            // tag, false means we need to rely on the included layout params.
                          //大意是从include标签里load layoutParams时,
                          //在父view拿不到的情况下希望能catch住异常,
                          //true是正常情况,false是异常情况,
                          //但是会生成一个localParams给设置上去。
                            ViewGroup.LayoutParams params = null;
                            try {
                                params = group.generateLayoutParams(attrs);
                            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
                                // Ignore, just fail over to child attrs.
                            }
                            if (params == null) {
                                params = group.generateLayoutParams(childAttrs);
                            }
                            view.setLayoutParams(params);
    
                            // Inflate all children.
                            rInflateChildren(childParser, view, childAttrs, true);
    
                            if (id != View.NO_ID) {
                                view.setId(id);
                            }
    
                            switch (visibility) {
                                case 0:
                                    view.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
                                    break;
                                case 1:
                                    view.setVisibility(View.INVISIBLE);
                                    break;
                                case 2:
                                    view.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                                    break;
                            }
    
                            group.addView(view);
                        }
                    } finally {
                        childParser.close();
                    }
                }
            } else {
                throw new InflateException("<include /> can only be used inside of a ViewGroup");
            }
    
            LayoutInflater.consumeChildElements(parser);
        }
    
    

    merge使用

    使用该标签的几种情况:

    • 如果要 include 的子布局的根标签是 Framelayout,那么最好替换为 merge,这样可以减少嵌套;

    • 如果父布局是LinearLayout,include的子布局也是LinearLayout且两者方向一致,也可以用merge减少嵌套,因会忽略merge里的方向属性;

    • 如果子布局直接以一个控件为根节点,也就是只有一个控件的情况,这时就没必要再使用 merge 包裹了。

    <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
    <merge xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:orientation="horizontal">
    
        <TextView
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="heng zhe 1" />
    
        <TextView
            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
            android:text="heng zhe 2" />
    </merge>
    

    merge标签解析

    同样在LayoutInflator的rInflate方法里

    void rInflate(XmlPullParser parser, View parent, Context context,
                AttributeSet attrs, boolean finishInflate) throws XmlPullParserException, IOException {
    ....这里只关注include标签的解析...
           } else if (TAG_MERGE.equals(name)) {
                    throw new InflateException("<merge /> must be the root element");
       ...源码有省略...
    }
    

    直接抛出异常,因为merge标签必须做根标签。
    说白了其实就是遇到merge标签,那么直接将其中的子元素添加到merge标签父view中,这样就保证了不会引入额外的层级,也同时忽略了merge里的attr属性。

    merge标签问题

    1.LayoutInflator的inflate方法对与merge标签的处理说明,要被附加的父级view如果为空,但是要求attachToRoot,那么抛出异常,因为根本附加不上去啊。

     if (TAG_MERGE.equals(name)) {
         if (root == null || !attachToRoot) {
          throw new InflateException("<merge /> can be used only with a valid "     
    + "ViewGroup root and attachToRoot=true");
          }
     rInflate(parser, root, inflaterContext, attrs, false);
    

    2.<merge /> 只能作为布局的根标签使用;
    3.不要使用 <merge /> 作为 ListView Item 的根节点;
    4.<merge /> 标签不需要设置属性,写了也不起作用,因为系统会忽略 <merge /> 标签;
    5.inflate 以 <merge /> 为根标签的布局时要注意
    ~5.1必须指定一个父 ViewGroup;
    ~5.2必须设定 attachToRoot 为 true;
    也就是说 inflate(@LayoutRes int resource, @Nullable ViewGroup root, boolean attachToRoot) 方法的二个参数 root 不能为 null,并且第三参数 attachToRoot 必须传 true

    参考资料

    Android布局优化之ViewStub、include、merge使用与源码分析
    http://www.androidchina.net/2485.html

    ViewStub--使用介绍
    https://www.jianshu.com/p/175096cd89ac

    使用<merge/>标签减少布局层级
    https://www.jianshu.com/p/278350aa0048

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