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iOS 选择排序(Selection Sort)

iOS 选择排序(Selection Sort)

作者: 下班不写程序 | 来源:发表于2022-09-22 11:29 被阅读0次

    algo

    选择排序是一种简单直观的排序算法,无论什么数据进去都是O(n²)的时间复杂度。所以用到它的时候,数据规模越小越好。唯一的好处可能就是不占用额外的内存空间了吧。

    算法过程描述
    1. 首先在未排序序列中找到最小(大)元素,存放到排序序列的起始位置。
    2. 再从剩余未排序元素中继续寻找最小(大)元素,然后放到已排序序列的末尾。
    3. 重复第二步,直到所有元素均排序完毕。
    动图演示
    selectionSort.gif
    复杂度

    假设序列有n个元素,n>1,根据算法步骤,第1轮需在n个元素中遍历n次查找到最小的元素,第2轮需在剩余的(n-1)个元素中遍历(n-1)次找到最小的元素,… 第n-1轮需在剩余的2个元素中找到最小的元素,第n轮剩余1个元素放在已排序元素的末尾

    函数表达式为:
    f(n) = n+(n-1)+…+2+1
    f(n) = (n+1)*n/2
    f(n) = (n²+n)/2

    大O表示法,忽略常量、低阶和常数系数。

    时间复杂度为:O(n²)
    空间复杂度为:并未开辟额外空间, 所以为O(1)
    稳定性: 不稳定

    代码实现(Swift)

    假设要对以下数组进行选择排序:

    let numbers = [1, 4, 3, 2, 0, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6]
    

    n个元素进行选择排序,主要是确定每一轮的最小(大)值的角标, 来和该轮的第一个元素进行位置交换, 如果相同, 则不需要交换:

    func selectionSort(numbers:[Int]) -> [Int] {
        
        var sortedNumbers = numbers
        
        for i in 0..<sortedNumbers.count - 1 {
            
            print("\(sortedNumbers) (\(i)th circle begin)");
            
            var minIndex = i
            print("minIndex init with \(i)")
            
            for j in i + 1..<sortedNumbers.count {
                
                if sortedNumbers[minIndex] > sortedNumbers[j] {
                    minIndex = j
                    print("minIndex changed to \(minIndex)")
                }
            }
            
            if minIndex != i {
                sortedNumbers.swapAt(minIndex, i)
                print("swap at \(minIndex) and \(i)")
            }
        }
        return sortedNumbers
    }
    
    let sortedNumbers = selectionSort(numbers: numbers)
    print("\n\(sortedNumbers) (selection sort result)")
    

    终端打印结果:

    [1, 4, 3, 2, 0, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6] (0th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 0
    minIndex changed to 4
    swap at 4 and 0
    [0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6] (1th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 1
    minIndex changed to 2
    minIndex changed to 3
    minIndex changed to 4
    swap at 4 and 1
    [0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6] (2th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 2
    minIndex changed to 3
    swap at 3 and 2
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6] (3th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 3
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6] (4th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 4
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6] (5th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 5
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 7, 8, 6] (6th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 6
    minIndex changed to 7
    minIndex changed to 9
    swap at 9 and 6
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (7th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 7
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (8th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 8
    
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (selection sort result)
    

    当测试数据修改为:

    let numbers = [1, 4, 3, 2, 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    

    终端打印结果:

    [1, 4, 3, 2, 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (0th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 0
    minIndex changed to 4
    swap at 4 and 0
    [0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (1th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 1
    minIndex changed to 2
    minIndex changed to 3
    minIndex changed to 4
    swap at 4 and 1
    [0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (2th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 2
    minIndex changed to 3
    swap at 3 and 2
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (3th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 3
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (4th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 4
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (5th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 5
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (6th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 6
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (7th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 7
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (8th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 8
    
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (selection sort result)
    

    可以看出, minIndex 为3之后已经成为了有序数组, 但是还是继续了排序的操作;

    细想一下,每次扫描未排序区间只选取一个最小值,那么是否可以每次扫描时选择一个最小元素和一个最大元素,分别放置在有序区间的尾部和尾部有序区间的头部呢?

    代码优化

    在循环选取时,每次扫描未排序区间分别选择最小、最大值放于数组始、末位置, 当最小元素的位置+1 =最大元素的位置时,数据已经全部有序,可以提前退出:

    func selectionSort(numbers:[Int]) -> [Int] {
        
        var sortedNumbers = numbers
        
        for i in 0..<sortedNumbers.count - 1 {
            
            print("\(sortedNumbers) (\(i)th circle begin)");
            
            var minIndex = i
            print("minIndex init with \(i)")
            
            // 最大下标也要随着最小下标的增加而对应减小
            var maxIndex = sortedNumbers.count - i - 1
            print("maxIndex init with \(maxIndex)")
            
            // 内部循环比较, 也是在双向缩小范围
            for j in i + 1..<sortedNumbers.count - i {
                
                if sortedNumbers[minIndex] > sortedNumbers[j] {
                    minIndex = j
                    print("minIndex changed to \(minIndex)")
                }
                
                if sortedNumbers[maxIndex] < sortedNumbers[j] {
                    maxIndex = j
                    print("maxIndex changed to \(maxIndex)")
                }
            }
    
            if minIndex != i {
                sortedNumbers.swapAt(minIndex, i)
                print("swap at \(minIndex) and \(i)")
            }
            
            if maxIndex != sortedNumbers.count - i - 1 {
                sortedNumbers.swapAt(maxIndex, sortedNumbers.count - i - 1)
                print("swap at \(maxIndex) and \(sortedNumbers.count - i - 1)")
            }
            
            // 一定要交换完成 才判断是否符合提前退出的条件
            if (minIndex + 1 == maxIndex) {
                break
            }
        }
        return sortedNumbers
    }
    
    let sortedNumbers = selectionSort(numbers: numbers)
    print("\n\(sortedNumbers) (selection sort result)")
    

    终端打印结果:

    [1, 4, 3, 2, 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (0th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 0
    maxIndex init with 9
    minIndex changed to 4
    swap at 4 and 0
    [0, 4, 3, 2, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (1th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 1
    maxIndex init with 8
    minIndex changed to 2
    minIndex changed to 3
    minIndex changed to 4
    swap at 4 and 1
    [0, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (2th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 2
    maxIndex init with 7
    minIndex changed to 3
    swap at 3 and 2
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (3th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 3
    maxIndex init with 6
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (4th circle begin)
    minIndex init with 4
    maxIndex init with 5
    
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] (selection sort result)
    

    可以看出, 四次循环就完成了。

    为什么“选择排序”是不稳定的?

    举例说明:

    假设某学校积分入学剩余2个学位,ABC三位学生先后报名,积分分别为[A(90), B(90), C(100)],积分从高到低排序,前两名获得入学资格,如果使用选择排序:
    第一轮排序会将AC交换,变成[C(100), B(90), A(90)],此时排序已完成;
    AB同积分,但原来AB优先报名的,本应优先取得入学资格,排序后却变成了BA的前面,现实中必然是不公平的。

    因此可以看出,选择排序是不稳定的。

    回目录:常用的排序算法

    结语

    路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索~

    作者简书

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