【argument】

结构

• 开头：结论。前提。evaluation
• 正文：主旨句（从文中paraphrase要argue的句子，并提出论点）。举例说明为什么。照应prompt
• 结尾：照应prompt（需要更多问题的答案才能回答这个问题）。
  从哪些方面能补充作者的论据（我的论点）。
  如果考虑了这些事情，问题会得到更好的解决。
  OR还有替代的解决办法，办法不唯一

开头模板
结尾模板

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错误类型

• 调查错误：样本不足too limited to be representative，样本是否有代表性representative of the general group，被调查者是否说实话；调查者是否客观公正reliability of the survey
• 数据错误：只有百分比没有基数；
  绝对数字，没提百分比
• 错误类比：B不适合实施xxx，因为B的服务业不发达
• 时间对比：xxx在以后可能不再流行/适用
• 偷换概念：A和B属于不同概念，不能
• 方案可行性：有潜在阻碍，无法实施；弊大于利，实施的收益小于成本
• 绝对因果：同时发生但没有因果关系；反向因果；错误排除他因；
• 成本收益：实施的收益小于成本。不可行

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prompt类型

assumption
将你找到的替代性可能进行反向叙述：文中假设是戴头盔的人引发了交通事故而不是不戴头盔的人。

正文顺序：
指出原文、作者依赖的假设
举例说明假设为何不一定成立
evalueate：当假设不成立时原文被削弱

introduction：

• In the newsletter, the author suggests that...
• What underlies such a recommendation is the assumption that...
• However, a thorough examination discloses that these assumptions suffer from the absence of critical information and are thereby liable to be invalidated. Once proved unwarranted, these assumptions would undermine the author’s conclusion and consequently nullify the proposed recommendation.

正文：

• To begin with, while we are informed of the significant increase in the percentage of people who claim to wear helmets, we cannot safely assume that an increasing number of people began to wear helmets
• Even if the aforementioned assumptions remain tenable, it is worthwhile examining the soundness of another assumption that it is the helmets that led to bicyclists’ likelihood to take more risks and finally result in more accidents.
• Granted that wearing a helmet does increase a bicyclist’s propensity to take risks and consequently gave rise to increasing accidents, we should still be cautious about the assumption that helmets contributed little to the protection of these bicyclists involved in the accidents
• 【evaluation】then the assumption is untenable that bicyclists tend to take more risk. As a result, the author’s recommendation is rendered questionable.

结尾：不能把xxx当做假设前提

• To summarize, while people probably should receive more professional education about bicycle safety, we cannot readily assume that they will not benefit from wearing helmets while bicycling. Also, without concrete and reliable information, it is hasty to attribute the increased number of accidents to helmets

evidence

正文：
引述原文，提出所需的证据，说明原文与证据的关系
举例论证原文被削弱的情况，反之原文被加强（证据不成立时）

• 【evaluate】：Although the new jazz club may finally turn out to be lucrative, close scrutiny reveals that the conclusion lacks critical support and therefore we need more evidence to help evaluate the argument.
• we need evidence to verify that...
• Thus additional evidence gains great significance to determine whether（需要知晓问题的答案=需要哪些证据）
• However, if new evidence discloses an opposite situation, then the proposal in the argument is lent great support to【加强】
• we need more evidence to ascertain whether ...
• 【结尾】To sum up, the evidence cited by the developers does not provide enough conclusive information to make their request convincing. As a result, we need additional evidence to better evaluate the argument

question
把你杠的理由改成问句，并进行正反两面的预测。

正文：
提出问题；
引述原文，让步there is still a question；
给出答案，说明原文如何被削弱，反之被加强

• The first series of questions I am going to put forward revolve around...
• ...remains an unanswered question
• I need to ask.../ However, before reaching that conclusion, we need to
  know whether
• If the answer to this question is positive,...
• it is still a question whether.../ ....remains an unanswered question
• If the answer to either of these two questions is yes, then the argument’s prediction is undermined; otherwise it is shored up. / ..., then
  the prediction in the argument is unreasonable; in other circumstances it is not / should therefore be rejected / ..., then the proposal should be encouraged

explanation

正文：
提出替代解释（这也可以改成需要回答的question）
引述原文给出的解释，并解释不唯一
给出你的解释详细说明

• However, there may be other reasons not taken into account by the company that can better explain the disparity in damage at the two locations.
• To begin with, one indispensable aspect not mentioned in the memo is...
• another aspect that needs to be taken into consideration is...
• Therefore, the difference may be better explained by...
• Therefore, the company may find a better explanation for the discrepancy in ...
• In conclusion, in addition to ..., there are several other plausible reasons to explain ...
• If they do contemplate these other possibilities, they will be more likely to better deal with this problem

【issue】

length

• Your Issue essay should be 400 to 750 words in length, and your Argument essay should be 350 to 600 words；
  550字=2* 50+3* 150
  400字=2* 50+3* 100

Template

introduction怎么写

1. Clearly establishes the topic of the paper
2. Previews both sides of the issue at hand
3. Presents a clear thesis

Body

1. Use a good transition/topic sentence
   introduces the example and reminds the reader ofthe purpose ofthe example：“One example of beauty found in the exceptional is Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa.”
2. Present an example
   Explain How Your Example Supports Your Thesis

• detail of example
• tell the grader why the example is relevant to your thesis：explain how Notre Dame stands out as an exceptional cathedral

3. Explain how the example supports the thesis

Conclusion

1. Alerts the reader that the essay is ending：
   In conclusion；Ultimately；Clearly；
   As the bulk of the evidence shows, ；
   The examples above all support the idea that
2. Summarizes the main points ofthe essay