1 urlopen()，urlencode()，编码解码demo

from urllib import request,parse
data ={
    "first":'true',
    "pn":1,
    "kd":"Android"
}
header ={
    "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.117 Safari/537.36",
    "Referer":"https://www.lagou.com/jobs/list_Android?px=default&city=%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E"
}
req = request.Request("https://www.lagou.com/jobs/positionAjax.json?px=default&city=%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E&needAddtionalResult=false",data = parse.urlencode(data).encode("utf-8"),headers = header,method="POST")
result = request.urlopen(req)
print(result.read().decode("utf-8"))

urlopen()函数向指定url发送一个request请求，并接收返回的response
网络上传输的数据类型为byte所以需要使用urlencode（）函数对dict类型数据进行编码。并在接收数据后对result进行decode()解码。（不然容易出现乱码）

2代理ip

from urllib import request
url ="http://ip.chinaz.com/getip.aspx"
#1.ProxyHandle生成代理handle
handle = request.ProxyHandler({'http':'183.159.80.115:18118'})#报错很可能是代理ip不稳定的原因
#2.使用handel构建opener
opener = request.build_opener(handle)
#3.使用opener发送一个请求
resp = opener.open(url)
print(resp.read().decode("utf-8"))

handler理解不是太深，目前只是知道它是一个处理器，opener作用我理解为相当于浏览器，去请求url

3 cookie

from urllib import request

url ="http://www.renren.com/880792860/profile"
header ={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.2924.90 Safari/537.36 2345Explorer/9.3.2.17331',
    'Cookie':'anonymid=jgtj84q4-txf6wv; depovince=HUB; _r01_=1; JSESSIONID=abcP30X8kXtzn-f8q4Wmw; ick_login=2fd80652-4a11-46c0-8390-620909c51cad; t=72bbd4f70c95d18f1459f9679acb27ad0; societyguester=72bbd4f70c95d18f1459f9679acb27ad0; id=965779570; xnsid=cf1e945b; jebecookies=e0a3ddd4-105d-47aa-8381-14d732843363|||||; ver=7.0; loginfrom=null; jebe_key=a928342b-f0b3-4a41-b26d-ed332bb8120b%7C7e4751b99e97b478a812137eab779aed%7C1525533471094%7C1%7C1525533472021; wp_fold=0'
}
req = request.Request(url,headers=header)
result = request.urlopen(req)

print(result.read().decode("utf-8"))#read()方法读取全部的文件内容，所以文件指针已经到最后了，再次read()时就为空

with open("renren.html",'w',encoding="utf-8") as file:
    file.write(result.read().decode("utf-8"))

可以在header中添加cookie信息去爬取需要登录的页面。

4.保存和载入cookie

from urllib import request
from http.cookiejar import MozillaCookieJar


cookie =MozillaCookieJar("cookie.txt")
handel = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = request.build_opener(handel)

opener.open("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set?name=lizhe22")

cookie.save(ignore_discard=True)#保存
cookie.load(ignore_discard=True)#载入
for c in cookie:
    print(c)

通过cookie.save()与cookie.load()函数来读取指定文件的cookie值，ignore_discard=True参数是当cookie有效期为临时的时候需要设置，因为cookie有效期为临时的时候，关闭浏览器后，cookie值就销毁了，在程序中当我理解的当opener对象销毁的时候就相当于关闭浏览器，cookie就会销毁，不设置的话就会看不到cookie。

5.自动获取cookie

from urllib import request,parse
from http.cookiejar import CookieJar

# 1.创建cookiejar对象
cookie = CookieJar()
handle = request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)#handler处理器，向request或者response加入特定信息
opener = request.build_opener(handle)#opener,用于打开request的请求,相当于浏览器对象

# 2.输入账号密码访问登录地址返回cookie
login_url = "http://www.renren.com/PLogin.do"#form action属性获得login_url
header ={
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.2924.90 Safari/537.36 2345Explorer/9.3.2.17331'
}
data = {
    "email":"15925550603",
    "password":"1111130330"
}
req = request.Request(login_url,headers=header,data=parse.urlencode(data).encode("utf-8"))
rep = opener.open(req)
print(rep.read().decode("utf-8"))
#3.访问主页
main_url ="http://www.renren.com/880792860/profile"
req = request.Request(main_url,headers=header)
rep  = opener.open(req)

with open("renren.html",'w',encoding="utf-8") as file:
    file.write(rep.read().decode("utf-8"))