汉译英笔记

作者: Thinkando | 来源:发表于2018-01-31 15:03 被阅读29次

    汉英翻译三步策略

    1. 定主语
    2. 找谓语
    3. 加修饰

    1. 定主语

    • 英语本身语法非常严谨,逻辑非常严密的特点,所以,在汉英翻译中,主语的确定就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键,也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。
    1.1 确定原文的主语为译文主语
    1. 当前,国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。
      At present, the international situation is experiencing the most complicated and profound changes since the end of Cold War.
    2. 和平与发展仍然是摆在世界各国人民面前的两大课题。
      Peace and development are still the two subjects confronted with people all over the world.
    3. 我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过度消费,比如使用过多的空调、私人汽车、以及随意处理的产品。
      We are managing to educate citizens to avoid the behavior of over-consumption, such as the excessive use of air conditioners, private cars, and disposable products at will.
    4. 如今我们有许多不同的选择:除传统的家常菜以外,还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。
      Nowadays we have many varieties of choices: nutrition-balanced and healthy food, convenient and delicious fast food in addition to the traditional homemade meal.
    • 若原文主语为动词,需要变为动名词或者不定式
    1. 帮助真正的穷人,要比仅仅缩小贫富差距更有价值。帮助下层社会的人重新回到社会主流中来,符合所有人的利益。
      Helping the truly poor is much worthier than merely narrowing inequalities. And helping the lower class rejoin the mainstream of society is in the interests of all.
    2. 推进现代化建设、完成祖国统一、维护世界和平与促进共同发展,是中国人民在新世纪的三大历史任务。To continue to propel the modernization drive, to achieve reunification of the motherland, and to safeguard world peace and promote common development are the three historical tasks of the Chinese people in the new century.
    1.2 重新确定主语
    • A. 确定原文的宾语为译文的主语
    1. 伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大的科学观念的理解都需要智慧
      Wisdom is required both in appreciating great artistic works and in understanding great scientific concepts.
    2. 为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展,我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐
      The speed of reform of state-owned enterprises must be accelerated (stepped up) to ensure sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy.
    3. 目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。
      At present, a sweeping and profound social and economic reform is being carried out in China.
    4. 中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化
      Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.
    • B.增加主语——增加泛指的主语:we, one, you
    1. 然而,要想了解一个人的禀赋资质和实际能力如何,考试是考不出名堂来的。
      •But they are in vain if you want to know about the gift, intelligence or practical abilities of a person.
    2. 凡事应该适度,适度是最安全的。
      One should be moderate in all things, and moderation is always the safest way.
    • C.增加主语——增加it:在英语中,代词it作主语的情况非常多。因为这个代词表示的意义非常丰富,它可以表示汉语中的气候、天气、时间等无主句,如“下雨了(It is raining),三点了(It’s 3 o’clock now)等,当然,它还可以充当强调句和形式主语句型的主语。
    1. 自从理查德·尼克松(Richard Nixon)同癌症宣战以来已经有30年了。
      It is already three decades since Richard Nixon declared war on cancer.
    2. 大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在。
      It is graduate school at a university that is the place to do research work at a basic level.
    3. 一个人生命究竟有多大意义,能有什么标准可以衡量吗?提出一个绝对的标准很困难;但是,大体上看一个人对带工作生命是否严肃认真,看他对待工作生活的态度如何,也就不难对这个人存在的意义做出估计了。
      Is there any standard to measure the significance of one’s life? It’s difficult to advance an absolute criterion, but it will not be so to judge the very meaning of one’s existence generally from whether he is serious about life and what his attitudes are towards work and life.
    4. 知道这个答案是有用的......如果你想到英语国家去念大学,或者你想找一份需要英语技能的工作的话,通过语言考试那就至关重要了。
      It’s useful to know the answer... it is vital if you want to be enrolled in a college or university in an English-speaking country, or if you want to find a job which requires English language skills.
    • D.增加主语——增加there be
    1. 还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们,他们还需要政府的资助。
      There will still be some people living in extreme poverty, who are still in need of the government's financial support.
    2. 举例来说,在早先的法国洞穴绘画里,早于公元前10,000年的绘画中没有人与人打仗的画面。
      For example, among ancient French cave drawings earlier than 10,000 B.C., there were no pictures describing people fighting with each other.
    • 结论

    总而言之,要做好汉英翻译,第一步,也是最重要的一步,是要确定汉语原文中用哪一个词来做主语,同时也好确定句子的中心和主题,进而就可以顺利确定英语的句型结构。

    2. 找谓语

    • 一般来说,在汉英翻译的过程中,随着主语的确定,凭我们作为汉语母语的使用者,几乎总能在汉语原文中,找出一个对应的谓语来。
    • 但是,和汉语原文主语对应的谓语,不一定能充当英语译文的谓语。在弄明白怎么选择汉语原文中的一个合适的谓语去充当译文的谓语之前,我们有必要对汉语的谓语和英语的谓语做一个简单的对比。
      找谓语方法:汉英语法分析法
    1. 汉语的动词没有人称、数、时态和语态
      英语有,所以汉英翻译时,一定要关注主谓一致原则
    2. 汉语是明显的“动作性语言”,多数句子都有明显的谓语动词
      英语中只有动词才能做谓语
    3. 汉语中名词、形容词、数词、主谓短语和介词短语可以充当谓语,有“是字句”
      英语有系表结构
    4. 汉语中有连动式
      英语中一个句子只有一个主要动词,其他动词可以用and并列,或者用“非谓语动词”连接,或者用介词短语代替动作
    5. 汉语有兼语式
      英语中有谓语+宾语+补足语
    6. 汉语少用“被字句”,常有“把、受、让、给、由、受到、得到、加以、得以、为...所、由...来、是...的”等句式
      英语多用被动态
    7. 汉语有存现句
      英语有there be句型
    2.1 直接找动词
    • 汉语多数句子都有动词,而动词谓语是句子的核心。谓语动词的“前”有句子的主语,“后”则可能有宾语,所以选择谓语的原则是——“瞻前顾后”
    1. 迄今为止,教育工作还没有找到比考试更有效、更可靠的方法。
      So far, there has been no way which is more effective and reliable than exams in education.
    2. 中国加入世贸组织以后,外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多,自身发展的空间也越来越大
      After China’s entry into WTO, more opportunities will be created for the participation of foreign entrepreneurs in the investments in China and larger space for their own development.
    2.2 用系表结构
    • 对汉语中名词、数量词、形容词等可以作谓语的情况,一般可以用英语的“系表结构”来翻译。
    1. 投资规模偏大
      The investment scale is too large.
      很多道路太窄
      Many of the roads are too narrow.
    2.3 多用被动态
    1. 此外,对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们,他们目前的生活状况必须改善
      Furthermore, the present living conditions must be improved for those who have just freed themselves from poverty.
    2. “学习”也许意味着对一系列细小而不相关的行为按新的顺序重新排列
      Learning may mean that a number of small independent acts are arranged in a new order.
    3. 美国的经济体制主要是围绕着私人企业和以市场为导向而建立起来的
      The economic system of U.S.A. is mainly set up centering on the private enterprises and market orientation.
    4. 他们的生产和生活状况没有从根本上被改变
      Their production and living conditions have not been changed fundamentally.
    5. 各国的人权问题主要由各国政府和人民自己来解决,世界的人权问题要由世界各国政府和人民共同参与来解决。
      Each country's human rights problem should be solved mainly by its own government and people, while that of the world by governments and people from all over the world together. (后半句省略了 should be solved)
    2.4 连动式:选择主要动词与次要动词
    • 对汉语的“连动式”特殊句型,可以选择一个主要动词作为英语译文的动词谓语,其他次要动词用英语的“非谓语动词”形式,介词词组的形式,或者用“and”来连接几个动词。
    • 根据几个动作发生的先后来选择主要谓语动词,也可以根据几个动作之间的关系来选择主要动词。
    • 对于次要动词,一般有以下几种处理方式:

    A. 用分词和不定式等非谓语动词来翻译次要动词

    1. 我们很少的钱就能够买到一份日报。
      We spend very little money to buy a piece of daily.
    2. 市政府于去年底启动了一项“净空”工程,关闭了大气污染严重的企业。
      The municipal government started an air-decontamination project at the end of last year, closing the enterprises that cause heavy pollutions.

    B. 用英语的介词短语可以表达汉语中的动词概念

    1. 我将乘飞机离开北京。
      I will leave Beijing by plane.

    C. 用英语“ and”连接词来连接几个动作

    1. 从社会总体、长远的利益出发,政府可以运用税收、转移支付等方式适当调节收入分配差距,扶助弱势群体,维护整个社会的和谐、稳定。
      From the society as a whole and long-term profit perspectives, the government can use tax or transfer payment to appropriately adjust the difference of income distribution so as to help the weak and maintain harmony and stability of the society.

    3 加修饰

    • 修饰语的作用:让句子更加丰满,有血有肉;逻辑更加明确,有条有理。
    • 用得最多的两种修饰:定语、状语
    • 修饰语的种类:单词、短语、和从句
    3.1 单词
    • 单词作定语一般在中心词前;
    • 作状语则位置比较灵活,可以在句子开头、动词前、或者句子末尾
    1. 中国已经发展成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。
      China has developed into a big, extremely attractive and realistic market in the global context.
    2. 一个社会的教育体系应该是能够向以知识为基础的工作迅速转变,否则这个社会就将不可避免地落在后面。
      Therefore, the educational system of a society should be able to shift towards the knowledge-based work rapidly, or this society will inevitably lag behind.
    3.2短语
    • 短语的种类一般有:介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语
    • 这三者作定语,位置总是在名词后。
    • 中国的发展(中国是名词),解决问题的方法(解决问题是动宾)
    • 介词短语做定语最适用于名词修饰名词;分词和不定式短语最适用于动词修饰名词
    1. 世界各国和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家,都将目光投向了中国,并从投资活动中获得了丰厚的回报。
      Many farsighted entrepreneurs from countries and regions all over the world have paid their attention to China and got generous profits in return for their investment activities.
    2. 在中国的投资活动一定能成为沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁,促进中国和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。
      The investment activities in China will surely serve as a bridge connecting entrepreneurs from all the countries and regions in the world and the Chinese market and promote the common economic development and prosperity of China and the world.
    • 这三者作状语:
      • 时间、地点、方式,常用介词短语
      • 目的、结果,常用不定式短语
      • 伴随、原因,常用分词短语
    1. 由小学到中学,所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。
      What we've learned from primary to middle school is just common ABCs.
    2. 人们采用肉、蔬菜、豆制品等能做出各种美味食品,但往往耗时多。这一点与快节奏的现代社会极不相符。
      Chinese people often spend a lot of time in making all sorts of delicious food by using meat, vegetables, bean products and so on, which is extremely incompatible with the fast pace of modern society.
    3. 发达国家应该从提供资金、减免债务、转让技术、平等贸易等方面,支持和帮助发展中国家振兴经济,提高人民生活水平...。
      The developed countries should support and help developing countries to vitalize the economy and raise people's living standards by accommodating funds, reducing or remitting debts, transferring technology, trading equally, etc.
    3.3 从句
    • 从句的作用很大,能让句子变得复杂,能体现译员对长句和难句的把握能力,可以适当多用,尤其是在句与句之间的衔接上。
    • 详见 英译汉笔记

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