微孢子虫影响蜜蜂生理和行为

微孢子虫影响蜜蜂的行为和生理

微孢子虫通过改变蜜蜂的生理和行为为了营造个个繁殖有利的环境

• 破坏蜜蜂中肠的完整性

Dussaubat C, Brunet J-LL, Higes M, Colbourne JK, et al.: Gut Pathology and Responses to the Microsporidium Nosema ceranae in the Honey Bee Apis mellifera. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e37017

• 改变蜜蜂的能量胁迫

Mayack C, Naug D: Energetic stress in the honey bee Apis mellifera from Nosema ceranae infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2009, 100:185-188

• 抑制蜜蜂的免疫应答

Antu´ nez K, Martı´n-Herna´ ndez R, Prieto L, Meana A, Zunino P, Higes M: Immune suppression in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) following infection by Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). Environ Microbiol 2009, 11:2284-2290
Aufauvre J, Misme-Aucouturier B, Vigue` s B, Texier C, Delbac F, Blot N: Transcriptome analyses of the honey bee response to Nosema ceranae and insecticides. PLoS ONE 2014, 9:e91686.
Badaoui B, Fougeroux A, Petit F, et al.: RNA-sequence analysis of gene expression from honey bees (Apis mellifera) infected with Nosema ceranae. PLoS ONE 2017, 12:e0173438.

• 改变蜜蜂信息素的产生

Holt HL, Aronstein KA, Grozinger CM: Chronic parasitization by Nosema microsporidia causes global expression changes in core nutritional, metabolic and behavioral pathways in honey bee workers (Apis mellifera). BMC Genomics 2013, 14:799.
Goblirsch M, Huang ZY, Spivak M: Physiological and behavioral changes in honey bees (Apis mellifera) induced by Nosema ceranae infection. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e58165.
Mayack C, Natsopoulou ME, McMahon DP: Nosema ceranae alters a highly conserved hormonal stress pathway in honey bees. Insect Mol Biol 2015, 24:662-670.

• 缩短蜜蜂的寿命

Goblirsch M, Huang ZY, Spivak M: Physiological and behavioral changes in honey bees (Apis mellifera) induced by Nosema ceranae infection. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e58165.
Vidau C, Diogon M, Aufauvre J, et al.: Exposure to sublethal doses of fipronil and thiacloprid highly increases mortality of honey bees previously infected by Nosema ceranae. PLoS ONE 2011, 6:e21550

N. ceranae感染比N. apis感染蜜蜂的死亡率和孢子负载高

• N. ceranae比N. apis有更高的生物潜伏力

Martı´n-Herna´ ndez R, Ara´ nzazu Meana, : Effect of temperature on the biotic potential of honey bee microsporidia. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75:2554-2557

• N. ceranae比N. apis更显著影响蜜蜂的免疫力
• N. ceranae感染比N. apis感染蜜蜂的死亡率更高、更高的寄生虫负载

Williams GR, Shutler D, Burgher-MacLellan KL, Rogers REL: Infrapopulation and community dynamics of the parasites Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, and consequences for honey bee (Apis mellifera) hosts. PLoS ONE 2014, 9:e99465.

N. ceranae影响蜜蜂的生存和免疫必须的代谢通路

• 孢子通过核酸转运从宿主细胞劫持能量，依赖宿主提供ATP

Paldi N, Glick E, Oliva M,: Effective gene silencing in a microsporidian parasite associated with honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony declines. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010, 76:5960-5964.

• 卵黄原蛋白对蜜蜂的寿命至关重要
• 感染孢子蜜蜂的卵黄原蛋白的编码基因显著下调
• N. ceranae通过操纵宿主的行为获得更多的能量不是通过脂肪体获取能量
• 抗菌肽基因和胶质层基因下调
• naked cuticle （nkd）基因上调，抑制宿主的免疫基因证实了N. ceranae诱导蜜蜂的免疫应答

N. ceranae感染干扰蜜蜂中肠细胞周期

• buffy促生蛋白编码基因和BIRC5细胞凋亡抑制基因家族基因上调，抑制宿主细胞凋亡
• N. ceranae逃脱宿主的细胞凋亡