Yuyank Yuw Wenxue
Jintian w jiagk yuyank yuw wenxue d guanxiy, fen wei si g wentip lai jiagk: yi, yuyank s wenxue d dih yi yaosuy; erh, cihuis yuw wenxue; san, yuyink yuw wenxue; si, yufas yuw wenxue.
Yi, yuyank s wenxue d dih yi yaosuy
Gaoerji sho: "yuyank s wenxue d dih yi yaosuy." Meiyou yuyank jiu meiyou wenxue. Zui hao d wenxue zopin s yog zui youmeib d yuyank xiey cheg d. Yuyank xiuyagk s wenxuejia d qimat tiaojianw.
Women yao xue hao xiandair Hanyuk. Xiandair wenxue zopin dou s yog xiandair Hanyuk xiey cheg d. Wenziy butogshun, jiu xiey bu chu hao d xiaosho, juben, shigek, sanwen lai. Bu zhidaol you doshao qignian wen'iic gogzozher, zhiw yin wenziy butogshun, tamen d zopin bei regd jin wen'iic zazhix bianjibul d zizhilouc li.
Women yao xuexid renmin d yuyank. Gogmren d yuyank, nogmin d yuyank, xiao shimin d yuyank, Women dou yao xue. Xueshegqiagp s yog bu shag d. Women sho wenxuejia yao shenruz sheghos. W renkwei, xuexid renmin d yuyank y s shenruz sheghos d yifagmian. Weixs you yog renmin d yuyank miaoxiey renmin d sheghos, caineg shirz zopin you sheghos qixi. Zhaol Shum Lix shuxixx nogmin d yuyank, Lao Shem shuxixx xiao shimin d yuyank, soyiw tamen miaoxiey d nogmin, xiao shimin cai nayag shegdog, chuanshenx.
Women yao xue hao gudair Hanyuk. Gudair Hanyuk you xudo xiuciy shouduanw, Women jintian hai yog der shag. Qicih, Women yanjiud Zhoggo wenxue shihl, geg bu neg bu xue hao gudair Hanyuk. Fouze, Women lianz guwen, gushikc dou kan bu dogx, zenneg yanjiud wenxue shihl ne?
Erh, cihuis yuw wenxue
Zheli jiagk d zhuyao s xigxiagw siweiy d wentip. Xigxiagw siweiy s wenxue wentip, y s yuyank wentip. Xigxiagw siweiy s yog juti xigxiagw lai gousixx, biaoxian wei yuyank ze s do yog juti migcik, shao yog chouxiagw migcik. <Shikc Jig> d bi xigq, s xigxiagw siweiy d shijianz. Hou lai "xigq" fazhan wei chujigshegqig, qigjigjiaorog, to qig yu jigh. Shuqigshikc rugom meiyou xigxiagw, jiu s zui huai d shuqigshikc. Shikc d iijigt, y kaod juti xigxiagw lai biaoxian. Duml Furt <Qiuh Xigq> shikc: " cogm juc liag kai ta ri leis, gurr zhouj yi xiy guw yuanll xin." Jiu s yiw cogm juc h gurr zhouj zhe liag g jigwut gito ta d sixx xiaglc zh qig. Jiaru ta jiandan dd sho: "liz jia liag nian do l, w hen xiag jia" yi lei d hua, jiu weik tog jiaokj laf l. Shenzhit jiagk zhelix d shikc y liz bu kai xigxiagw siweiy. Liru Zhuy Xihx d <Guanp Shu You Gan> shikc: "ban mul fag tagt yi jianjb kai, tian guag yun yigh gogw paizh huaiz. Wenk qus nak der qigs ru xu? Wei you yuans tou hos shui lai." Zhe li you chitagt, you jigjzi (jianjb), you tianguag, you yunyigh, you yuanstou hoshui, erw ta so yao biaodaz d iisixx s, meitian kan shu dou lighui dao xudo xinb d daolix, haoxiagr you yuanstou hoshui d qigs chis, zhaoh der xin li liagtag. Zhe yag sho cai you shikc'ii, s yi shoup hao shikc; rugom yog chouxiagw d hua sho chu, jiu bu cheg qiw wei shikc l.
<Wen Xin Diaof Log> yog xiagdag da d pianfuyd jiagk xigxiagw siweiy d daolix. Taw sho: "guw sixx lix wei miaor, shenx yuw wut yous." (<Shenx Sixx>) youh sho: "shikc ren bi xigq, chud wut yuanb lanp. Wut suiw hup yueq, hed ze ganp danp." (<Bi Xigq>) youh sho: "shan tak shui tak, shum za yun hed. Mu giw wagz huanz, xin iiw tuk nay. Chun ri chib chib, qiuh feg sab sab. Qig wagz sirx zegt, xigq lai ru dak." (<Wut Se>) zhe s gudair wen lun zhog d xigxiagw siweiy lun, zhir der Women haohao dd lighui.
Xigxiagw siweiy y big bu dou s hao d. Yogsur d biyukx jiu biaoxian shikc gem d beib xia. Liru Migh Shirj Zogx <Sog Mao Bor Wens> shikc: "Da jiag nanl zhegz danp qis haoq, yaop heg qiuh shui yanfd ligf daoj. … Tian shag qifl linfq yuan you zhogc, xuet zhog louf yif qiwb neg taoz? Taib pig daiz zhaoks guiz lai ri, zhenw yuw xianb sheg jiej zhanj paoy." Zhe zhogc shikc zhiyou xiaoxuesheg d shuipig, s haoy wu shikc'ii d shikc l.
《语言与文学》
今天我讲语言与文学的关系,分为四个问题来讲:一、语言是文学的第一要素;二、词汇与文学;三、语音与文学;四、语法与文学。
一、语言是文学的第一要素
高尔基说:“语言是文学的第一要素。”没有语言就没有文学。最好的文学作品是用最优美的语言写成的。语言修养是文学家的起码条件。
我们要学好现代汉语。现代文学作品都是用现代汉语写成的。文字不通顺,就写不出好的小说、剧本、诗歌、散文来。不知道有多少青年文艺工作者,只因文字不通顺,他们的作品被扔进文艺杂志编辑部的字纸篓里。
我们要学习人民的语言。工人的语言,农民的语言,小市民的语言,我们都要学。学生腔是用不上的。我们说文学家要深入生活。我认为,学习人民的语言也是深入生活的一方面。惟有用人民的语言描写人民的生活,才能使作品有生活气息。赵树理熟悉农民的语言,老舍熟悉小市民的语言,所以他们描写的农民、小市民才那样生动、传神。
我们要学好古代汉语。古代汉语有许多修辞手段,我们今天还用得上。其次,我们研究中国文学史,更不能不学好古代汉语。否则,我们连古文、古诗都看不懂,怎能研究文学史呢?
二、词汇与文学
这里讲的主要是形象思维的问题。形象思维是文学问题,也是语言问题。形象思维是用具体形象来构思,表现为语言则是多用具体名词,少用抽象名词。《诗经》的比兴,是形象思维的实践。后来“兴”发展为触景生情,情景交融,托情于景。抒情诗如果没有形象,就是最坏的抒情诗。诗的意境,也靠具体形象来表现。杜甫《秋兴》诗:“丛菊两开他日泪,孤舟一系故园心。”就是以丛菊和孤舟这两个景物寄托他的思乡之情。假如他简单地说:“离家两年多了,我很想家”一类的话,就味同嚼蜡了。甚至讲哲理的诗也离不开形象思维。例如朱熹的《观书有感》诗:“半亩方塘一鉴开,天光云影共徘徊。问渠哪得清如许?为有源头活水来。”这里有池塘,有镜子(鉴),有天光,有云影,有源头活水,而他所要表达的意思是,每天看书都领会到许多新的道理,好像有源头活水的清池,照得心里亮堂。这样说才有诗意,是一首好诗;如果用抽象的话说出,就不成其为诗了。
《文心雕龙》用相当大的篇幅讲形象思维的道理。它说:“故思理为妙,神与物游。”(《神思》)又说:“诗人比兴,触物圆览。物虽胡越,合则肝胆。”(《比兴》)又说:“山沓水遝,树杂云合。目既往还,心亦吐纳。春日迟迟,秋风飒飒。情往似赠,兴来如答。”(《物色》)这是古代文论中的形象思维论,值得我们好好地领会。
形象思维也并不都是好的。庸俗的比喻就表现诗格的卑下。例如明世宗《送毛伯温》诗:“大将南征胆气豪,腰横秋水雁翎刀。……天上麒麟原有种,穴中蝼蚁岂能逃?太平待诏归来日,朕与先生解战袍。”这种诗只有小学生的水平,是毫无诗意的诗了。
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