史上最强总结Android Architecture Compo

作者: jett老师 | 来源:发表于2020-04-13 20:23 被阅读0次

    一、前言


    1.1、Android Architecture Components 介绍

    Android Architecture Components 是谷歌在Google I/O 2017发布一套帮助开发者解决Android 架构设计的方案。里面包含了两大块内容:

    • 生命周期相关的 Lifecycle-aware Components

    • 数据库解决方案 Room

    1.2、组件功能

    官方给予 Google 组件的功能:A collection of libraries that help you design robust, testable, and maintainable apps. Start with classes for managing your UI component lifecycle and handling data persistence。

    使用Google 提供的处理数据持久化和管理组件生命周期的类,有助于应用开发者们构建更加鲁棒性,可测的,稳定可靠的应用。

    提供主要的组件有:

    • Lifecycle:管理组件生命周期

    • Room: 持久化数据结构

    1.3、主要架构

    1.4、使用组件

    在项目根目录 build.gradle 文件添加仓库依赖:

    allprojects {
        repositories {
            jcenter()
            google()
        }
    }
    

    如果遇到如下因 gradle 版本导致的编译失败问题:

    Error:(6, 1) A problem occurred evaluating root project 'TestArc'.>
    Could not find method google() for arguments [] on repository container;
    

    可修改为:

    maven {
       url 'https://maven.google.com'
    }
    

    然后在主 module 的 build.gradle 文件添加需要依赖的组件:

    dependencies {
        compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar'])
        androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', {
            exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations'
        })
        compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:26.+'
    
        def lifecycle_version = "1.1.1"
    
        // ViewModel and LiveData
        compile "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:$lifecycle_version"
        // alternatively - just ViewModel
        compile "android.arch.lifecycle:viewmodel:$lifecycle_version" // use -ktx for Kotlin
        // alternatively - just LiveData
        compile "android.arch.lifecycle:livedata:$lifecycle_version"
        // alternatively - Lifecycles only (no ViewModel or LiveData).
        // Support library depends on this lightweight import
        compile "android.arch.lifecycle:runtime:$lifecycle_version"
    
        annotationProcessor "android.arch.lifecycle:compiler:$lifecycle_version"
        // alternately - if using Java8, use the following instead of compiler
        compile "android.arch.lifecycle:common-java8:$lifecycle_version"
    
        // optional - ReactiveStreams support for LiveData
        compile "android.arch.lifecycle:reactivestreams:$lifecycle_version"
    
        // optional - Test helpers for LiveData
        // compile "android.arch.core:core-testing:$lifecycle_version"
        compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.1.0'
    
        compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.1.0'
        compile 'com.facebook.stetho:stetho:1.3.1'
    
        //  room
        compile 'android.arch.persistence.room:runtime:1.1.0'
        annotationProcessor 'android.arch.persistence.room:compiler:1.1.0'
        compile "android.arch.persistence.room:rxjava2:1.1.0"
    }
    

    二、Lifecycle 管理生命周期


    2.1、Lifecycle 介绍

    Lifecycle 组件指的是 android.arch.lifecycle 包下提供的各种类与接口,可以让开发者构建能感知其他组件(主要指Activity 、Fragment)生命周期(lifecycle-aware)的类。

    2.2、常规 MVP Presenter 使用

    比如我们需要监听某个 Activity 生命周期的变化,在生命周期改变的时候打印日志,一般做法构造回调的方式,先定义基础 BaseActivityPresenter 接口:

    public interface BaseActivityPresenter extends BasePresenter{
    
        void onCreate();
    
        void onStart();
    
        void onResume();
    
        void onPause();
    
        void onStop();
    
        void onDestroy();
    
    }
    

    在实现类中增加自定义操作(打印日志):

    public class ActivityPresenter implements BaseActivityPresenter {
    
        private static String TAG = ActivityPresenter.class.getSimpleName();
    
        @Override
        public void onCreate() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate()");
        }
    
        @Override
        public void onStart() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStart()");
        }
    
        @Override
        public void onResume() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onResume()");
        }
    
        @Override
        public void onPause() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onPause()");
        }
    
        @Override
        public void onStop() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStop()");
        }
    
        @Override
        public void onDestroy() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onDestroy()");
        }
    
    }
    

    然后在需要监听的 Activity 中依次回调方法:

    @Override
        protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
            super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
            setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
            mBasePresenter = new ActivityPresenter();
        }
    
        @Override
        protected void onStart() {
            super.onStart();
            mBasePresenter.onStart();
        }
    
        @Override
        protected void onResume() {
            super.onResume();
            mBasePresenter.onResume();
        }
    
        @Override
        protected void onPause() {
            super.onPause();
            mBasePresenter.onPause();
        }
    
        @Override
        protected void onStop() {
            super.onStop();
            mBasePresenter.onStop();
        }
    
        @Override
        protected void onDestroy() {
            super.onDestroy();
            mBasePresenter.onDestroy();
        }
    

    在 Activity 的 onCreate() 方法中创建 BasePresenter,监听 Activity 的生命周期方法。

    2.3、使用 Lifecycle

    上述写可以实现基础的功能,但是不够灵活,假如除了 ActivityPresenter 类,还有别的类要监听 Activity 生命周期变化,那也需要添加许多生命周期的回调方法,比较繁琐。那我们是否可以当 Activity 生命周期发生变化的时候主动通知需求方呢?答案就是使用 Lifecycle 提供的 LifecycleObserver:

    public class ActivityLifeObserver implements BaseActivityPresenter,
     LifecycleObserver {
    
        private String TAG = ActivityLifeObserver.class.getSimpleName();
    
        @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE)
        @Override
        public void onCreate() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate()");
        }
    
        @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START)
        @Override
        public void onStart() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStart()");
        }
    
        @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME)
        @Override
        public void onResume() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onResume()");
        }
    
        @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE)
        @Override
        public void onPause() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onPause()");
        }
    
        @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP)
        @Override
        public void onStop() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStop()");
        }
    
        @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY)
        @Override
        public void onDestroy() {
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "onDestroy()");
        }
    
    }
    

    让我们的业务类实现 ActivityLifeObserver 接口,同时在每一个方法实现上增加 @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.XXXX)注解,OnLifecycleEvent 对应了 Activity 的生命周期方法。被监听的 Actiivty 实现 LifecycleOwner 接口,然后在需要监听的 Activity 中注册:

    public class DetailActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements LifecycleOwner{
    
        private static String TAG = DetailActivity.class.getSimpleName();
        private LifecycleRegistry mLifecycleRegistry;
    
        @Override
        protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
            super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
            setContentView(R.layout.activity_detail);
            mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this);
            // 注册需要监听的 Observer 
            mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new ActivityLifeObserver());
            mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new LocationLifeObserver());
        }
    
        @Override
        public Lifecycle getLifecycle() {
            return mLifecycleRegistry;
        }
    }
    

    运行如下:

    com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onCreate()
    com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onStart()
    com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onResume()
    com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onPause()
    com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onStop()
    com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onDestroy()
    

    其中 Lifecycle 使用两个主要的枚举类来表示其所关联组件的生命周期:

    • Event 事件 从组件或者Lifecycle类分发出来的生命周期,它们和Activity/Fragment生命周期的事件一一对应。(ON_CREATE, ON_START, ON_RESUME, ON_PAUSE, ON_STOP, ON_DESTROY);

    • State 状态 当前组件的生命周期状态(INITIALIZED, DESTROYED, CREATED, STARTED, RESUMED)。

    <figcaption style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box !important; word-wrap: break-word !important; line-height: inherit; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption>

    LifecycleRegistry 类用于注册和反注册需要观察当前组件生命周期的 Observer,用法如下:

    //  初始化
    mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this);
    mActivityLifeObserver = new ActivityLifeObserver();
    //  注册观察者
    mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(mActivityLifeObserver);
    mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new LocationLifeObserver());
    //  移除观察者
    mLifecycleRegistry.removeObserver(mActivityLifeObserver);
    

    三、LiveData && ViewModel


    3.1、LiveData && ViewModel 介绍

    LiveData 是一种持有可被观察数据的类(an observable data holder class)。和其他可被观察的类不同的是,LiveData是有生命周期感知能力的(lifecycle-aware,),这意味着它可以在 activities, fragments, 或者 services 生命周期是活跃状态时更新这些组件。

    ViewModel 与 LiveData 之间的关系图如下:

    3.2、LiveData && ViewModel 使用

    在 Activity 页面有一 TextView,需要展示用户 User 的信息,User 类定义:

    public class User {
    
        public String userId;
    
        public String name;
    
        public String phone;
    
        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return "User{" +
                    "userId='" + userId + '\'' +
                    ", name='" + name + '\'' +
                    ", phone='" + phone + '\'' +
                    '}';
        }
    }
    

    常规的做法:

    // 获取 User 的数据后
    mTvUser.setText(user.toString());
    

    这样做的一个问题,如果获取或者修改 User 的来源不止一处,那么需要在多个地方更新 TextView,并且如果在多处 UI 用到了 User,那么也需要在多处更新。

    使用 LiveData 与 ViewModel 的组合,将LiveData 持有 User 实体,作为一个被观察者,当 User 改变时,所有使用 User 的地方自动 change。构建一个 UserViewModel 如下:

    public class UserViewModel extends ViewModel
     implements BaseViewModel<User> {
    
        private String TAG = UserViewModel.class.getSimpleName();
    
        private MutableLiveData<User> liveUser;
    
        public MutableLiveData<User> getData(){
            if(liveUser == null){
                liveUser = new MutableLiveData<User>();
            }
    
            liveUser.setValue(loadData());
            return this.liveUser;
        }
    
        public void changeData(){
            if(liveUser != null){
                liveUser.setValue(loadData());
            }
        }
    
        @Override
        public User loadData() {
            User user = new User();
            user.userId = RandomUtil.getRandomNumber();
            user.name = RandomUtil.getChineseName();
            user.phone = RandomUtil.getRandomPhone();
            LogUtil.i(TAG, "loadData(): " + user.toString());
            return user;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void clearData() {
    
        }
    }
    

    自定义的UserViewModel 继承系统的 ViewModel,将 User 封装成 MutableLiveData:
    if(liveUser == null){ liveUser = new MutableLiveData<User>(); }

    在使用User 的地方增加观察:

    //  view model.observe
    mUserViewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(UserViewModel.class);
    mUserViewModel.getData().observe(this, new Observer<User>() {
       @Override
       public void onChanged(@Nullable User user) {
           if(user != null){
               mTvUser.setText(user.toString());
           }
       }
    });
    

    数据源发送改变的时候:

    //    改变 User 内容
    mButtonUser.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
         @Override
         public void onClick(View v) {
             if(mUserViewModel != null && mUserViewModel.getData() != null){
                 mUserViewModel.changeData();
             }
         }
    });
    
    //    setValue
    public void changeData(){
       if(liveUser != null){
            liveUser.setValue(loadData());
        }
    }
    

    这样使用到 User 的地方,UI 会自动更新,日志如下:

    com.troy.androidrc I/DetailActivity:
     User{userId='9372622', name='邓楠', phone='15607043749'}
    
    com.troy.androidrc I/DetailActivity:
     User{userId='6099877', name='文瑾慧', phone='13005794027'}
    

    四、Room


    4.1、Room 介绍

    Room 持久层库提供了一个方便我们访问 SQLite 数据库的抽象层(an abstraction layer ),帮助我们更好的在 APP 上创建我们的数据缓存,能够让 APP 即使在没有网络的情况也能正常使用。

    Room 的架构如下:

    4.2、Room 使用与主要注解

    创建包含订单表的数据库如下步骤:

    1、创建 Order.java:

    @Entity(tableName = "orders")
    public class Order {
    
        @PrimaryKey
        @ColumnInfo(name = "order_id")
        public long orderId;
    
        @ColumnInfo(name = "address")
        public String address;
    
        @ColumnInfo(name = "owner_name")
        public String ownerName;
    
        @ColumnInfo(name = "owner_phone")
        public String ownerPhone;
    
        //  指示 Room 需要忽略的字段或方法
        @Ignore
        public String ignoreText;
    
        @Embedded
        public OwnerAddress ownerAddress;
    }
    

    2、创建 OrderDao:

    @Dao
    public interface OrderDao {
    
        @Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
        List<Order> loadAllOrders();
    
        @Insert
        void insertAll(Order... orders);
    
        @Query("SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_id IN (:orderIds)")
        List<Order> queryOrderById(long[] orderIds);
    
        @Delete
        void deleteOrder(Order... orders);
    
        @Update
        void updateOrder(Order... orders);
    }
    

    3、创建数据库

    @Database(entities = {Order.class, AddressInfo.class}, version = 2)
    public abstract class AppDatabase extends RoomDatabase{
    
       public abstract OrderDao getOrderDao();
    
    }
    
    // 实现类
    public static void buildDb(){
    DB_INSTANCE = Room.
        databaseBuilder(TroyApplication.getInstance(), AppDatabase.class, "troy_db")   //  指定数据库名称
        .addCallback(new RoomDatabase.Callback() {
            @Override
            public void onCreate(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
                super.onCreate(db);  //  数据库创建回调;
                LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate");
            }
    
            @Override
            public void onOpen(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
                super.onOpen(db);   //  数据库使用回调;
                LogUtil.i(TAG, "onOpen");
            }
        })
        .allowMainThreadQueries()   // 数据库操作可运行在主线程
        .build();
    
    }
    

    使用到的主要注解:

    • @Entity(tableName = "orders") // 定义表名;

    • @PrimaryKey // 定义主键;

    • @ColumnInfo(name = "order_id") // 定义数据表中的字段名;

    • @Ignore // 指示 Room 需要忽略的字段或方法;

    • @Embedded // 指定嵌入实体

    • @Query("SELECT * FROM orders") // 定义查询数据接口;

    • @Insert // 定义增加数据接口;

    • @Delete // 定义删除数据接口;

    • @Update // 定义更新数据接口;

    • @Database // 定义数据库信息,表信息,数据库版本

    3.3、增删改查实现

    增:

    @Database(entities = {Order.class, AddressInfo.class}, version = 2)
    public abstract class AppDatabase extends RoomDatabase{
    
       public abstract OrderDao getOrderDao();
    
    }
    
    // 实现类
    public static void buildDb(){
    DB_INSTANCE = Room.
        databaseBuilder(TroyApplication.getInstance(), AppDatabase.class, "troy_db")   //  指定数据库名称
        .addCallback(new RoomDatabase.Callback() {
            @Override
            public void onCreate(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
                super.onCreate(db);  //  数据库创建回调;
                LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate");
            }
    
            @Override
            public void onOpen(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) {
                super.onOpen(db);   //  数据库使用回调;
                LogUtil.i(TAG, "onOpen");
            }
        })
        .allowMainThreadQueries()   // 数据库操作可运行在主线程
        .build();
    
    }
    

    删:

    //    1、删除接口声明
    @Delete
    void deleteOrder(Order... orders);
    
    //    2、删除接口实现
    @Override
      public void deleteOrder(Order... orders) {
        __db.beginTransaction();
        try {
          __deletionAdapterOfOrder.handleMultiple(orders);
          __db.setTransactionSuccessful();
        } finally {
          __db.endTransaction();
        }
    }
    
    //    3、删除接口调用
    AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
    OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
    orderDao.deleteOrder(orderList.get(orderList.size() - 1));
    

    改:

    //    1、修改接口声明
     @Update
     void updateOrder(Order... orders);
    
    //    2、修改接口实现
    @Override
      public void updateOrder(Order... orders) {
        __db.beginTransaction();
        try {
          __updateAdapterOfOrder.handleMultiple(orders);
          __db.setTransactionSuccessful();
        } finally {
          __db.endTransaction();
        }
    }
    
    //    3、修改接口调用
    AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
    OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
    Order order = orderList.get(orderList.size() - 1);
    order.ownerName = "update - " + RandomUtil.getChineseName();
    orderDao.updateOrder(order);
    
    

    查:

    //    1、查询接口声明
    @Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
    List<Order> loadAllOrders();
    
    //    2、查询接口实现
    @Override
      public List<Order> loadAllOrders() {
        final String _sql = "SELECT * FROM orders";
        final RoomSQLiteQuery _statement = RoomSQLiteQuery.acquire(_sql, 0);
        final Cursor _cursor = __db.query(_statement);
        try {
          final int _cursorIndexOfOrderId = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("order_id");
          final int _cursorIndexOfAddress = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("address");
          final int _cursorIndexOfOwnerName = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("owner_name");
          final int _cursorIndexOfOwnerPhone = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("owner_phone");
          final int _cursorIndexOfStreet = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("street");
          final int _cursorIndexOfState = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("state");
          final int _cursorIndexOfCity = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("city");
          final int _cursorIndexOfPostCode = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("post_code");
          final List<Order> _result = new ArrayList<Order>(_cursor.getCount());
          while(_cursor.moveToNext()) {
            final Order _item;
            final Order.OwnerAddress _tmpOwnerAddress;
            if (! (_cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfStreet) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfState) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfCity) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfPostCode))) {
              _tmpOwnerAddress = new Order.OwnerAddress();
              _tmpOwnerAddress.street = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfStreet);
              _tmpOwnerAddress.state = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfState);
              _tmpOwnerAddress.city = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfCity);
              _tmpOwnerAddress.postCode = _cursor.getInt(_cursorIndexOfPostCode);
            }  else  {
              _tmpOwnerAddress = null;
            }
            _item = new Order();
            _item.orderId = _cursor.getLong(_cursorIndexOfOrderId);
            _item.address = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfAddress);
            _item.ownerName = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfOwnerName);
            _item.ownerPhone = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfOwnerPhone);
            _item.ownerAddress = _tmpOwnerAddress;
            _result.add(_item);
          }
          return _result;
        } finally {
          _cursor.close();
          _statement.release();
        }
      }
    
    //    3、查询接口调用
    AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
    OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
    return orderDao.loadAllOrders();
    

    3.4、内嵌实体

    如果实体 Order 内部包含地址信息,地址信息分别包含 城市,邮政等信息,可以这样写,使用@Embedded 注解:

    static class OwnerAddress {
    
            public String street;
            public String state;
            public String city;
    
            @ColumnInfo(name = "post_code")
            public int postCode;
    }
    
    @Embedded
    public OwnerAddress ownerAddress;
    

    3.5、配合 LiveData

    数据查询可以返回 LiveData 数据:

     @Query("SELECT * FROM orders")
     LiveData<List<Order>> loadAllOrderData();
    

    3.6、配合 RxJava

    通过 query 查询返回的实体,可以封装成 对应RxJava 的操作符封装对象,例如 Flowable,Maybe 等:

    //    接口声明
    @Query("SELECT * from orders where order_id = :id LIMIT 1")
    Flowable<Order> queryOrderByIdV2(long id);
    
    @Query("SELECT * from orders where order_id = :id LIMIT 1")
    Maybe<Order> queryOrderByIdV3(long id);
    
    // 接口调用
    private Maybe<Order> queryOrderV3(){
          AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance();
          OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao();
          return orderDao.queryOrderByIdV3(10001);
    }
    
    Maybe<Order> orderMaybe = queryOrderV3();
            orderMaybe.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
                 .observeOn(Schedulers.newThread())
                 .subscribe(new Consumer<Order>() {
                     @Override
                     public void accept(@NonNull Order order) throws Exception {
    
                     }
    });
    

    以上代码Demo 实现:

    五、总结

    学会使用 Android Architecture Components 提供的组件简化我们的开发,能够使我们开发的应用模块更解耦更稳定,视图与数据持久层分离,以及更好的扩展性与灵活性。

    原作者:Boy·哈利波特

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