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Tomcat在SpringBoot中是如何启动的

Tomcat在SpringBoot中是如何启动的

作者: java欧阳丰 | 来源:发表于2019-08-12 11:00 被阅读3次

    前言

    我们知道SpringBoot给我们带来了一个全新的开发体验,我们可以直接把web程序达成jar包,直接启动,这就得益于SpringBoot内置了容器,可以直接启动,本文将以Tomcat为例,来看看SpringBoot是如何启动Tomcat的,同时也将展开学习下Tomcat的源码,了解Tomcat的设计。

    从 Main 方法说起

    用过SpringBoot的人都知道,首先要写一个main方法来启动

    @SpringBootApplication
    public class TomcatdebugApplication {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            SpringApplication.run(TomcatdebugApplication.class, args);
        }
    
    }
    

    我们直接点击run方法的源码,跟踪下来,发下最终 的run方法是调用ConfigurableApplicationContext方法,源码如下:

    public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
            StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
            stopWatch.start();
            ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null;
            Collection<SpringBootExceptionReporter> exceptionReporters = new ArrayList<>();
            //设置系统属性『java.awt.headless』,为true则启用headless模式支持
            configureHeadlessProperty();
            //通过*SpringFactoriesLoader*检索*META-INF/spring.factories*,
           //找到声明的所有SpringApplicationRunListener的实现类并将其实例化,
           //之后逐个调用其started()方法,广播SpringBoot要开始执行了
            SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = getRunListeners(args);
            //发布应用开始启动事件
            listeners.starting();
            try {
            //初始化参数
                ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args);
                //创建并配置当前SpringBoot应用将要使用的Environment(包括配置要使用的PropertySource以及Profile),
            //并遍历调用所有的SpringApplicationRunListener的environmentPrepared()方法,广播Environment准备完毕。
                ConfigurableEnvironment environment = prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);
                configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment);
                //打印banner
                Banner printedBanner = printBanner(environment);
                //创建应用上下文
                context = createApplicationContext();
                //通过*SpringFactoriesLoader*检索*META-INF/spring.factories*,获取并实例化异常分析器
                exceptionReporters = getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class,
                        new Class[] { ConfigurableApplicationContext.class }, context);
                //为ApplicationContext加载environment,之后逐个执行ApplicationContextInitializer的initialize()方法来进一步封装ApplicationContext,
            //并调用所有的SpringApplicationRunListener的contextPrepared()方法,【EventPublishingRunListener只提供了一个空的contextPrepared()方法】,
            //之后初始化IoC容器,并调用SpringApplicationRunListener的contextLoaded()方法,广播ApplicationContext的IoC加载完成,
            //这里就包括通过**@EnableAutoConfiguration**导入的各种自动配置类。
                prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner);
                //刷新上下文
                refreshContext(context);
                //再一次刷新上下文,其实是空方法,可能是为了后续扩展。
                afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments);
                stopWatch.stop();
                if (this.logStartupInfo) {
                    new StartupInfoLogger(this.mainApplicationClass).logStarted(getApplicationLog(), stopWatch);
                }
                //发布应用已经启动的事件
                listeners.started(context);
                //遍历所有注册的ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner,并执行其run()方法。
            //我们可以实现自己的ApplicationRunner或者CommandLineRunner,来对SpringBoot的启动过程进行扩展。
                callRunners(context, applicationArguments);
            }
            catch (Throwable ex) {
                handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, listeners);
                throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
            }
    
            try {
            //应用已经启动完成的监听事件
                listeners.running(context);
            }
            catch (Throwable ex) {
                handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, null);
                throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
            }
            return context;
        }
    

    其实这个方法我们可以简单的总结下步骤为

    • 配置属性
    • 获取监听器,发布应用开始启动事件
    • 初始化输入参数
    • 配置环境,输出banner
    • 创建上下文
    • 预处理上下文
    • 刷新上下文
    • 再刷新上下文
    • 发布应用已经启动事件
    • 发布应用启动完成事件

    其实上面这段代码,如果只要分析tomcat内容的话,只需要关注两个内容即可,上下文是如何创建的,上下文是如何刷新的,分别对应的方法就是createApplicationContext() 和refreshContext(context),接下来我们来看看这两个方法做了什么。

    protected ConfigurableApplicationContext createApplicationContext() {
            Class<?> contextClass = this.applicationContextClass;
            if (contextClass == null) {
                try {
                    switch (this.webApplicationType) {
                    case SERVLET:
                        contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);
                        break;
                    case REACTIVE:
                        contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_REACTIVE_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);
                        break;
                    default:
                        contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_CONTEXT_CLASS);
                    }
                }
                catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException(
                            "Unable create a default ApplicationContext, " + "please specify an ApplicationContextClass",
                            ex);
                }
            }
            return (ConfigurableApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);
        }
    

    这里就是根据我们的webApplicationType 来判断创建哪种类型的Servlet,代码中分别对应着Web类型(SERVLET),响应式Web类型(REACTIVE),非Web类型(default),我们建立的是Web类型,所以肯定实例化
    DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS指定的类,也就是AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext类,我们来用图来说明下这个类的关系


    image

    通过这个类图我们可以知道,这个类继承的是ServletWebServerApplicationContext,这就是我们真正的主角,而这个类最终是继承了AbstractApplicationContext,了解完创建上下文的情况后,我们再来看看刷新上下文,相关代码如下:

    //类:SpringApplication.java
    
    private void refreshContext(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
        //直接调用刷新方法
            refresh(context);
            if (this.registerShutdownHook) {
                try {
                    context.registerShutdownHook();
                }
                catch (AccessControlException ex) {
                    // Not allowed in some environments.
                }
            }
        }
    //类:SpringApplication.java
    
    protected void refresh(ApplicationContext applicationContext) {
            Assert.isInstanceOf(AbstractApplicationContext.class, applicationContext);
            ((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh();
        }
    

    这里还是直接传递调用本类的refresh(context)方法,最后是强转成父类AbstractApplicationContext调用其refresh()方法,该代码如下:

    // 类:AbstractApplicationContext 
    public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
            synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
                // Prepare this context for refreshing.
                prepareRefresh();
    
                // Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
                ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();
    
                // Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.
                prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);
    
                try {
                    // Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.
                    postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);
    
                    // Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.
                    invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);
    
                    // Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.
                    registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);
    
                    // Initialize message source for this context.
                    initMessageSource();
    
                    // Initialize event multicaster for this context.
                    initApplicationEventMulticaster();
    
                    // Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.这里的意思就是调用各个子类的onRefresh()
                    onRefresh();
    
                    // Check for listener beans and register them.
                    registerListeners();
    
                    // Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
                    finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);
    
                    // Last step: publish corresponding event.
                    finishRefresh();
                }
    
                catch (BeansException ex) {
                    if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
                        logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
                                "cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
                    }
    
                    // Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.
                    destroyBeans();
    
                    // Reset 'active' flag.
                    cancelRefresh(ex);
    
                    // Propagate exception to caller.
                    throw ex;
                }
    
                finally {
                    // Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we
                    // might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...
                    resetCommonCaches();
                }
            }
        }
    
    

    这里我们看到onRefresh()方法是调用其子类的实现,根据我们上文的分析,我们这里的子类是ServletWebServerApplicationContext。

    //类:ServletWebServerApplicationContext
    protected void onRefresh() {
            super.onRefresh();
            try {
                createWebServer();
            }
            catch (Throwable ex) {
                throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex);
            }
        }
        
    private void createWebServer() {
            WebServer webServer = this.webServer;
            ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext();
            if (webServer == null && servletContext == null) {
                ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();
                this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());
            }
            else if (servletContext != null) {
                try {
                    getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext);
                }
                catch (ServletException ex) {
                    throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context", ex);
                }
            }
            initPropertySources();
        }
    
    
    image
        @Override
        public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {
            Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
            File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat");
            tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
            Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);
            tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);
            customizeConnector(connector);
            tomcat.setConnector(connector);
            tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);
            configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());
            for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {
                tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);
            }
            prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);
            return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);
        }
    

    根据上面的代码,我们发现其主要做了两件事情,第一件事就是把Connnctor(我们称之为连接器)对象添加到Tomcat中,第二件事就是configureEngine,这连接器我们勉强能理解(不理解后面会述说),那这个Engine是什么呢?我们查看tomcat.getEngine()的源码:

        public Engine getEngine() {
            Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];
            if (service.getContainer() != null) {
                return service.getContainer();
            }
            Engine engine = new StandardEngine();
            engine.setName( "Tomcat" );
            engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);
            engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());
            service.setContainer(engine);
            return engine;
        }
    
    image

    上图中,我们看到了4个子接口,分别是Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper。我们从继承关系上可以知道他们都是容器,那么他们到底有啥区别呢?我看看他们的注释是怎么说的。

     /**
     If used, an Engine is always the top level Container in a Catalina
     * hierarchy. Therefore, the implementation's <code>setParent()</code> method
     * should throw <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.
     *
     * @author Craig R. McClanahan
     */
    public interface Engine extends Container {
        //省略代码
    }
    /**
     * <p>
     * The parent Container attached to a Host is generally an Engine, but may
     * be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary.
     * <p>
     * The child containers attached to a Host are generally implementations
     * of Context (representing an individual servlet context).
     *
     * @author Craig R. McClanahan
     */
    public interface Host extends Container {
    //省略代码
        
    }
    /*** <p>
     * The parent Container attached to a Context is generally a Host, but may
     * be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary.
     * <p>
     * The child containers attached to a Context are generally implementations
     * of Wrapper (representing individual servlet definitions).
     * <p>
     *
     * @author Craig R. McClanahan
     */
    public interface Context extends Container, ContextBind {
        //省略代码
    }
    /**<p>
     * The parent Container attached to a Wrapper will generally be an
     * implementation of Context, representing the servlet context (and
     * therefore the web application) within which this servlet executes.
     * <p>
     * Child Containers are not allowed on Wrapper implementations, so the
     * <code>addChild()</code> method should throw an
     * <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.
     *
     * @author Craig R. McClanahan
     */
    public interface Wrapper extends Container {
    
        //省略代码
    }
    
    

    上面的注释翻译过来就是,Engine是最高级别的容器,其子容器是Host,Host的子容器是Context,Wrapper是Context的子容器,所以这4个容器的关系就是父子关系,也就是Engine>Host>Context>Wrapper。
    我们再看看Tomcat类的源码:

    //部分源码,其余部分省略。
    public class Tomcat {
    //设置连接器
         public void setConnector(Connector connector) {
            Service service = getService();
            boolean found = false;
            for (Connector serviceConnector : service.findConnectors()) {
                if (connector == serviceConnector) {
                    found = true;
                }
            }
            if (!found) {
                service.addConnector(connector);
            }
        }
        //获取service
           public Service getService() {
            return getServer().findServices()[0];
        }
        //设置Host容器
         public void setHost(Host host) {
            Engine engine = getEngine();
            boolean found = false;
            for (Container engineHost : engine.findChildren()) {
                if (engineHost == host) {
                    found = true;
                }
            }
            if (!found) {
                engine.addChild(host);
            }
        }
        //获取Engine容器
         public Engine getEngine() {
            Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];
            if (service.getContainer() != null) {
                return service.getContainer();
            }
            Engine engine = new StandardEngine();
            engine.setName( "Tomcat" );
            engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);
            engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());
            service.setContainer(engine);
            return engine;
        }
        //获取server
           public Server getServer() {
    
            if (server != null) {
                return server;
            }
    
            System.setProperty("catalina.useNaming", "false");
    
            server = new StandardServer();
    
            initBaseDir();
    
            // Set configuration source
            ConfigFileLoader.setSource(new CatalinaBaseConfigurationSource(new File(basedir), null));
    
            server.setPort( -1 );
    
            Service service = new StandardService();
            service.setName("Tomcat");
            server.addService(service);
            return server;
        }
        
        //添加Context容器
          public Context addContext(Host host, String contextPath, String contextName,
                String dir) {
            silence(host, contextName);
            Context ctx = createContext(host, contextPath);
            ctx.setName(contextName);
            ctx.setPath(contextPath);
            ctx.setDocBase(dir);
            ctx.addLifecycleListener(new FixContextListener());
    
            if (host == null) {
                getHost().addChild(ctx);
            } else {
                host.addChild(ctx);
            }
            
        //添加Wrapper容器
             public static Wrapper addServlet(Context ctx,
                                          String servletName,
                                          Servlet servlet) {
            // will do class for name and set init params
            Wrapper sw = new ExistingStandardWrapper(servlet);
            sw.setName(servletName);
            ctx.addChild(sw);
    
            return sw;
        }
        
    }
    

    阅读Tomcat的getServer()我们可以知道,Tomcat的最顶层是Server,Server就是Tomcat的实例,一个Tomcat一个Server;通过getEngine()我们可以了解到Server下面是Service,而且是多个,一个Service代表我们部署的一个应用,而且我们还可以知道,Engine容器,一个service只有一个;根据父子关系,我们看setHost()源码可以知道,host容器有多个;同理,我们发现addContext()源码下,Context也是多个;addServlet()表明Wrapper容器也是多个,而且这段代码也暗示了,其实Wrapper和Servlet是一层意思。另外我们根据setConnector源码可以知道,连接器(Connector)是设置在service下的,而且是可以设置多个连接器(Connector)。
    根据上面分析,我们可以小结下:
    Tomcat主要包含了2个核心组件,连接器(Connector)和容器(Container),用图表示如下:

    image

    一个Tomcat是一个Server,一个Server下有多个service,也就是我们部署的多个应用,一个应用下有多个连接器(Connector)和一个容器(Container),容器下有多个子容器,关系用图表示如下:


    在这里插入图片描述

    Engine下有多个Host子容器,Host下有多个Context子容器,Context下有多个Wrapper子容器。

    总结

    SpringBoot的启动是通过new SpringApplication()实例来启动的,启动过程主要做如下几件事情:

    • 配置属性
    • 获取监听器,发布应用开始启动事件
    • 初始化输入参数
    • 配置环境,输出banner
    • 创建上下文
    • 预处理上下文
    • 刷新上下文
    • 再刷新上下文
    • 发布应用已经启动事件
    • 发布应用启动完成事件

    而启动Tomcat就是在第7步中“刷新上下文”;Tomcat的启动主要是初始化2个核心组件,连接器(Connector)和容器(Container),一个Tomcat实例就是一个Server,一个Server包含多个Service,也就是多个应用程序,每个Service包含多个连接器(Connetor)和一个容器(Container),而容器下又有多个子容器,按照父子关系分别为:Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper,其中除了Engine外,其余的容器都是可以有多个。

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