侵权行为

在普通法系范围内，侵权行为是一种民事违法（而非违反合同），它导致索赔人（权利人）遭受损失或伤害，从而对实施该侵权行为的人产生法律责任。 它可能包括故意造成情绪困扰，疏忽行为，经济损失，伤害，侵犯隐私，以及许多其他情形。

侵权法涉及寻求通过私人民事救济的诉讼，以获得索赔，通常是金钱赔偿。 侵权诉求可以与刑法进行比较，后者处理应由国家惩罚的刑事违法。 伤害和殴打等不法行为，可能会同时导致民事诉讼和刑事追究，尽管在普通法系范围内，民事法律制度和刑事法律制度是相互独立的。 侵权法也可以与合同法形成对比，后者规定了合同引起的义务以及违反后的民事救济。尽管合同义务是各方约定的义务，但侵权法和刑法中的义务都更为根本，无论双方是否签订合同，都必须遵守。 在合同和侵权诉讼中，成功的索赔人必须表明他们因对方违反职责而直接遭受了可预见的损失或伤害。

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A tort, in common law jurisdiction, is a civil wrong (other than breach of contract) that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm, resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act. It can include intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligence, financial losses, injuries, invasion of privacy, and many other things.

Tort law involves claims in an action seeking to obtain a private civil remedy, typically money damages. Tort claims may be compared to criminal law, which deals with criminal wrongs that are punishable by the state. A wrongful act, such as an assault and battery, may result in both a civil lawsuit and a criminal prosecution, although in common law jurisdiction, the civil and criminal legal systems are separate. Tort law may also be contrasted with contract law, which also provides civil remedies after breach of duty that arises from a contract; but whereas the contractual obligation is one agreed to by the parties, obligations in both tort and criminal law are more fundamental and are imposed regardless of whether the parties have a contract. In both contract and tort, successful claimants must show that they have suffered foreseeable loss or harm as a direct result of the breach of duty.