Unit 5时态的确定
时态众多-时态+体的结合达16种，中文没有时态，翻译注意。
1. 一般现在时
1. 客观真理
2. 历史事实
3. 风俗习惯
4. 观点想法
5. 格言警句
1.客观真理
e.g.1绿色是大自然的颜色。Green is the color of nature.
2.秋天是收获的季节。Autumn is the season of the harvest.
2.历史事实
e.g孔子是中国历史上最有名的思想家和教育家。
Confucius is the most famous thinker and educator in Chinese history.
补充Mencius孟子thinker思想家
educator教育教
3.风俗习惯
e.g1.西双版纳的傣族人用泼水节迎接新年。
The Dai minority in Xishaugnbanna welcome the Lunar New Year (强调是“农历的新年”)with the Water Splashing Festival.
the Dragon Festival 端午节
e.g2.元宵节是全家团聚，观赏明月的日子。--缩句：元宵节是日子—
The Lantern Festival is a day for appreciating the bright full moon and family reunion.
4.观点想法-政府观点
e.g1.中国政府对各种形式的霸权主义和强权政治。
China opposes /is against hegemonism and power politics in all their forms.
注意：《政府工作报告》等文件中，表明政府的行为态度多用一般现在时翻译。
e.g2中国人民热爱和平、渴望发展。
Chinese people love peace and yearn /jɜːn/ for development.
6. 格言警句
e.g1.学而时习之，不亦说乎？
Isn’t it pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application？（采用形式主语）
温顾而知新，可以为师矣。
e.g2温故而知新，可以为师矣。
If one keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new,he may be a teacher of others.(添加主语)
2. 现在完成时
含义：说明某状况从过去一直持续到现在，且还将持续下去。
“一向”“自古以来”等状语在汉译英时可以处理为现在完成时。
e.g1.中国人一向崇拜读书人，轻视商人。
The Chinese have long amired scholars and despised merchants.
have always amired
补充：“历来”等表示时间持续很长的状语在汉译英时，用have+long+done 结构可以使译文更加地道。
e.g2中华文明历来注重自强不息，不断革故鼎新。
The Chinese civilization has always given prominence to (unremitting/ˌʌnrɪˈmɪtɪŋ/)不停的selif-improvement,reform and innovation.
补充：表达“注重”，“坚持”、“讲求”等可以用固定词组attach importance to /advocate倡导/uphold …
e.g3.钓鱼岛自古以来就是中国固有领土。
Diaoyu Island has been an integral part of China’s territory since ancient times.
e.g4.新中国成立60年来，我们国家发生了翻天覆地的巨大的变化。
Over the past six decades since the founding of P.R.C.,tremendous changes have taken place.
e.g5.中国经济实现了长达30多年的快速发展。
China has enjoyed fast economic development for over 30 years.
补充：可以用enjoy/suffer 表示“碰上好的情况/坏的事情”
举例：中国社会稳定。
China enjoys social stability.
昨天中国股市大跌。
China suffered the stock market crash yesterday.
3. 一般过去时
有明显的表示过去的时间标志时需用一般现在时。
e.g.1 中国人在几千年前首先发明了筷子。
Chinese people were the first to invent chopsticks thousands of years ago.
e.g.2 15世纪，中国著名航海家郑和七次下西洋，到过三十几个国家。
In the 15th century, the famous Chinese navigator Zheng He led seven maritime
/ˈmærɪtaɪm/ expeditions to the West Seas and reached over 30 countries.
e.g.3.从前没有商场，没有公共聚会的地方，市镇上只有庙会。
There used to be no shopping malls or places for public gatherings but temple fairs in the cities and towns.
e.g.3.我们成功举办了北京奥运会，残奥会和上海世博会。
We successfully hosted the Olimpic Games in Beijing,the Paralympic
/ˌpærəˈlɪmpɪk/ Games in Beijing and the Word Expo in Shanghai.
4. 表示将来会发生的事情。
e.g.1未来的中国，将是一个更加开放包容、文明和谐的国家。
China will be a more open,inclusive ,culturally advanced and harmonious country.
e.g.2. 10年以后，中美两国将成为彼此最大的贸易伙伴。
A decade later,China and America will become each other’s top trading parter.
2.条件达成的结果。
e.g.1 .人无远虑，必有近忧。
If one does not plan fot the future,he will have immediate worries.
e.g.2. 只要我们从两国共同利益出发，从地区和世界稳定繁荣出发，中美间的立场一定能够越来越接近。
As long as we act in our shared/common interests and for the benefit of regional and global stability and prosperity,the positions of China and America will get closer.
翻译练习—
1. 茶是中国人发现的，中国是茶的故乡。
Tea was discovered by Chinese people and therefore China is the hometown of tea.
2. 唐宋时期，中国许多地方十分流行皮影戏。今天，皮影戏和许多其他传统的艺术形式一样濒临灭绝。
Shadow puppetry /ˈpʌpɪtri/show was very popular during the Tang and Song Dynasties in many parts of China.Today, shadow puppetry shows face extinction
/ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn / like other traditional art forms.
英文时间和地点状语放在句末。
本课小结
1. 汉英中时态的确定，包括一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时，一般将来时四种
2. 准确选用时态的同时，也要注意动词主谓一致及语态正确
3. 几种常见时态在翻译中的综合应用。
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