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浅谈Future与FutureTask

浅谈Future与FutureTask

作者: 小二上酒8 | 来源:发表于2022-10-12 09:35 被阅读0次

    Future就是对于具体的Runnable或者Callable任务的执行结果进行取消、查询是否完成、获取结果等操作。必要时可以通过get方法获取执行结果,该方法会阻塞直到任务返回结果。
    Future类位于java.util.concurrent包下,它是一个接口:

    /** 
    * @see FutureTask 
     * @see Executor 
     * @since 1.5 
     * @author Doug Lea 
     * @param <V> The result type returned by this Future's <tt>get</tt> method 
     */  
    public interface Future<V> {  
    
        /** 
         * Attempts to cancel execution of this task.  This attempt will 
         * fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled, 
         * or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful, 
         * and this task has not started when <tt>cancel</tt> is called, 
         * this task should never run.  If the task has already started, 
         * then the <tt>mayInterruptIfRunning</tt> parameter determines 
         * whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in 
         * an attempt to stop the task.     * 
         */  
        boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);  
    
        /** 
         * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task was cancelled before it completed 
         * normally. 
         */  
        boolean isCancelled();  
    
        /** 
         * Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task completed. 
         * 
         */  
        boolean isDone();  
    
        /** 
         * Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then 
         * retrieves its result. 
         * 
         * @return the computed result 
         */  
        V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;  
    
        /** 
         * Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation 
         * to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available. 
         * 
         * @param timeout the maximum time to wait 
         * @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument 
         * @return the computed result 
         */  
        V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)  
            throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;  
    }  
    

    在Future接口中声明了5个方法,下面依次解释每个方法的作用:
    cancel()
    方法用来取消任务,如果取消任务成功则返回true,如果取消任务失败则返回false。参数mayInterruptIfRunning表示是否允许取消正在执行却没有执行完毕的任务,如果设置true,则表示可以取消正在执行过程中的任务。如果任务已经完成,则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false,此方法肯定返回false,即如果取消已经完成的任务会返回false;如果任务正在执行,若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为true,则返回true,若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为false,则返回false;如果任务还没有执行,则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false,肯定返回true。
    isCancelled()
    方法表示任务是否被取消成功,如果在任务正常完成前被取消成功,则返回 true。
    isDone()
    方法表示任务是否已经完成,若任务完成,则返回true;
    get()
    方法用来获取执行结果,这个方法会产生阻塞,会一直等到任务执行完毕才返回;
    get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
    用来获取执行结果,如果在指定时间内,还没获取到结果,就直接返回null。
    也就是说Future提供了三种功能:
    1)判断任务是否完成;
    2)能够中断任务;
    3)能够获取任务执行结果。
    因为Future只是一个接口,所以是无法直接用来创建对象使用的,因此就有了下面的FutureTask。
    FutureTask
    FutureTask的实现:

    public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>
    

    FutureTask类实现了RunnableFuture接口,RunnableFuture接口:

    public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {  
        /** 
         * Sets this Future to the result of its computation 
         * unless it has been cancelled. 
         */  
        void run();  
    }  
    

    可以看出RunnableFuture继承了Runnable接口和Future接口,而FutureTask实现了RunnableFuture接口。所以它既可以作为Runnable被线程执行,又可以作为Future得到Callable的返回值。
    FutureTask提供了2个构造器:

    public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {  
        if (callable == null)  
            throw new NullPointerException();  
        this.callable = callable;  
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable  
    }  
    
    public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {  
        this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);  
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable  
    }  
    

    可以看到,Runnable注入会被Executors.callable()函数转换为Callable类型,即FutureTask最终都是执行Callable类型的任务。该适配函数的实现如下:

    public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {  
        if (task == null)  
            throw new NullPointerException();  
        return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);  
    } 
    

    RunnableAdapter适配器

    /** 
     * A callable that runs given task and returns given result 
     */  
    static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {  
        final Runnable task;  
        final T result;  
        RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {  
            this.task = task;  
            this.result = result;  
        }  
        public T call() {  
            task.run();  
            return result;  
        }  
    }  
    

    FutureTask是Future接口的一个唯一实现类。
    FutureTask实现了Runnable,因此它既可以通过Thread包装来直接执行,也可以提交给ExecuteService来执行。
    FutureTask实现了Futrue可以直接通过get()函数获取执行结果,该函数会阻塞,直到结果返回。
    实例:
    Callable+Future获取执行结果

    public class Test {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
            Task task = new Task();
            Future<Integer> result = executor.submit(task);
            executor.shutdown();
    
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
                e1.printStackTrace();
            }
    
            System.out.println("主线程在执行任务");
    
            try {
                System.out.println("task运行结果"+result.get());
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
    
            System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");
        }
    }
    class Task implements Callable<Integer>{
        @Override
        public Integer call() throws Exception {
            System.out.println("子线程在进行计算");
            Thread.sleep(3000);
            int sum = 0;
            for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
                sum += i;
            return sum;
        }
    }
    

    执行结果:

    子线程在进行计算
    主线程在执行任务
    task运行结果4950
    所有任务执行完毕
    

    Callable+FutureTask获取执行结果

    public class Test {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            //第一种方式
            ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
            Task task = new Task();
            FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);
            executor.submit(futureTask);
            executor.shutdown();
    
            //第二种方式,注意这种方式和第一种方式效果是类似的,只不过一个使用的是ExecutorService,一个使用的是Thread
            /*Task task = new Task();
            FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);
            Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask);
            thread.start();*/
    
            try {
                Thread.sleep(1000);
            } catch (InterruptedException e1) {
                e1.printStackTrace();
            }
    
            System.out.println("主线程在执行任务");
    
            try {
                System.out.println("task运行结果"+futureTask.get());
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
    
            System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");
        }
    }
    class Task implements Callable<Integer>{
        @Override
        public Integer call() throws Exception {
            System.out.println("子线程在进行计算");
            Thread.sleep(3000);
            int sum = 0;
            for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
                sum += i;
            return sum;
        }
    }
    

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