Future就是对于具体的Runnable或者Callable任务的执行结果进行取消、查询是否完成、获取结果等操作。必要时可以通过get方法获取执行结果,该方法会阻塞直到任务返回结果。
Future类位于java.util.concurrent包下,它是一个接口:
/**
* @see FutureTask
* @see Executor
* @since 1.5
* @author Doug Lea
* @param <V> The result type returned by this Future's <tt>get</tt> method
*/
public interface Future<V> {
/**
* Attempts to cancel execution of this task. This attempt will
* fail if the task has already completed, has already been cancelled,
* or could not be cancelled for some other reason. If successful,
* and this task has not started when <tt>cancel</tt> is called,
* this task should never run. If the task has already started,
* then the <tt>mayInterruptIfRunning</tt> parameter determines
* whether the thread executing this task should be interrupted in
* an attempt to stop the task. *
*/
boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task was cancelled before it completed
* normally.
*/
boolean isCancelled();
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this task completed.
*
*/
boolean isDone();
/**
* Waits if necessary for the computation to complete, and then
* retrieves its result.
*
* @return the computed result
*/
V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;
/**
* Waits if necessary for at most the given time for the computation
* to complete, and then retrieves its result, if available.
*
* @param timeout the maximum time to wait
* @param unit the time unit of the timeout argument
* @return the computed result
*/
V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}
在Future接口中声明了5个方法,下面依次解释每个方法的作用:
cancel()
方法用来取消任务,如果取消任务成功则返回true,如果取消任务失败则返回false。参数mayInterruptIfRunning表示是否允许取消正在执行却没有执行完毕的任务,如果设置true,则表示可以取消正在执行过程中的任务。如果任务已经完成,则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false,此方法肯定返回false,即如果取消已经完成的任务会返回false;如果任务正在执行,若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为true,则返回true,若mayInterruptIfRunning设置为false,则返回false;如果任务还没有执行,则无论mayInterruptIfRunning为true还是false,肯定返回true。
isCancelled()
方法表示任务是否被取消成功,如果在任务正常完成前被取消成功,则返回 true。
isDone()
方法表示任务是否已经完成,若任务完成,则返回true;
get()
方法用来获取执行结果,这个方法会产生阻塞,会一直等到任务执行完毕才返回;
get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
用来获取执行结果,如果在指定时间内,还没获取到结果,就直接返回null。
也就是说Future提供了三种功能:
1)判断任务是否完成;
2)能够中断任务;
3)能够获取任务执行结果。
因为Future只是一个接口,所以是无法直接用来创建对象使用的,因此就有了下面的FutureTask。
FutureTask
FutureTask的实现:
public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V>
FutureTask类实现了RunnableFuture接口,RunnableFuture接口:
public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
/**
* Sets this Future to the result of its computation
* unless it has been cancelled.
*/
void run();
}
可以看出RunnableFuture继承了Runnable接口和Future接口,而FutureTask实现了RunnableFuture接口。所以它既可以作为Runnable被线程执行,又可以作为Future得到Callable的返回值。
FutureTask提供了2个构造器:
public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
if (callable == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.callable = callable;
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
this.state = NEW; // ensure visibility of callable
}
可以看到,Runnable注入会被Executors.callable()函数转换为Callable类型,即FutureTask最终都是执行Callable类型的任务。该适配函数的实现如下:
public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {
if (task == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);
}
RunnableAdapter适配器
/**
* A callable that runs given task and returns given result
*/
static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {
final Runnable task;
final T result;
RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {
this.task = task;
this.result = result;
}
public T call() {
task.run();
return result;
}
}
FutureTask是Future接口的一个唯一实现类。
FutureTask实现了Runnable,因此它既可以通过Thread包装来直接执行,也可以提交给ExecuteService来执行。
FutureTask实现了Futrue可以直接通过get()函数获取执行结果,该函数会阻塞,直到结果返回。
实例:
Callable+Future获取执行结果
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
Task task = new Task();
Future<Integer> result = executor.submit(task);
executor.shutdown();
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("主线程在执行任务");
try {
System.out.println("task运行结果"+result.get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");
}
}
class Task implements Callable<Integer>{
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("子线程在进行计算");
Thread.sleep(3000);
int sum = 0;
for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
sum += i;
return sum;
}
}
执行结果:
子线程在进行计算
主线程在执行任务
task运行结果4950
所有任务执行完毕
Callable+FutureTask获取执行结果
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//第一种方式
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
Task task = new Task();
FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);
executor.submit(futureTask);
executor.shutdown();
//第二种方式,注意这种方式和第一种方式效果是类似的,只不过一个使用的是ExecutorService,一个使用的是Thread
/*Task task = new Task();
FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(task);
Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask);
thread.start();*/
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e1) {
e1.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("主线程在执行任务");
try {
System.out.println("task运行结果"+futureTask.get());
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("所有任务执行完毕");
}
}
class Task implements Callable<Integer>{
@Override
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("子线程在进行计算");
Thread.sleep(3000);
int sum = 0;
for(int i=0;i<100;i++)
sum += i;
return sum;
}
}
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