case class介绍
样例类（case class）适合用于不可变的数据。它是一种特殊的类，能够被优化以用于模式匹配。
case class定义
case class Book(name: String) {
def printBookName(): Unit = {
println(name)
}
}
object BookTest {
def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
val book = Book("Java入门到放弃")
book.printBookName()
}
}
在实例化case class类时，不需要使用关键字New，case class类编译成class文件之后会自动生成apply方法，这个方法负责对象的创建。
通过JD-GUI工具可以查看编译后的.class文件（有兴趣的可以自己看下）。
Scala自动为Book生成了apply静态方法，里面调用了Book$类的apply方法用来生成Book对象。
Book$类的截图
case class类的参数都是可以直接访问的val（不能被修改），但是实际上编译成的class字节码会对book.name转成book.name()方法调用。如下图所示，name声明的时候是加了final关键字，并且生成了对应的name()方法。
printBookName()方法中使用到的book.name实际上是调用的name()方法。
模式匹配
模式匹配是检查某个值（value）是否匹配某一个模式的机制，一个成功的匹配同时会将匹配值解构为其组成部分。它是Java中的switch语句的升级版。
语法
一个模式匹配语句包括一个待匹配的值，match关键字，以及至少一个case语句。示例如下：
def matchTest(x: Int): String = x match {
case 1 => "one"
case 2 => "two"
case _ => "many"
}
case class的匹配
abstract class Notification
case class Email(sender: String, title: String, body: String) extends Notification
case class SMS(caller: String, message: String) extends Notification
case class VoiceRecording(contactName: String, link: String) extends Notification
Notification 是一个虚基类，它有三个具体的子类Email, SMS和VoiceRecording，我们可以在这些Case Class类上使用模式匹配：
def showNotification(notification: Notification): String = {
notification match {
case Email(email, title, _) =>
s"You got an email from $email with title: $title"
case SMS(number, message) =>
s"You got an SMS from $number! Message: $message"
case VoiceRecording(name, link) =>
s"you received a Voice Recording from $name! Link: $link"
}
}
val someSms = SMS("12345", "Are you there?")
val someVoiceRecording = VoiceRecording("Tom", "voicerecording.org/id/123")
println(showNotification(someSms)) // prints You got an SMS from 12345! Message: Are you there?
println(showNotification(someVoiceRecording)) // you received a Voice Recording from Tom! Click the link to hear it: voicerecording.org/id/123
showNotification函数接受一个抽象类Notification对象作为输入参数，然后匹配其具体类型。（也就是判断它是一个Email，SMS，还是VoiceRecording）。在case Email(email, title, _ )中，对象的email和title属性在返回值中被使用，而body属性则被忽略，故使用_代替。
另外需要注意的一点是case Email(email, title, _)语句实际上是使用了Email提取器对象的unApply方法，这个方法也是Scala编译字节码的时候自动生成的，它会去提取匹配到的Email对象的sender和title属性填充到email和title属性上。
showNotification方法还可以等价写成下面这种形式，只匹配类型，而不使用Scala的提取器方式。
def showNotification(notification: Notification): String = {
notification match {
case e: Email =>
s"You got an email from ${e.sender} with title: ${e.title}"
case s: SMS =>
s"You got an SMS from ${s.caller}! Message: ${s.message}"
case vr: VoiceRecording =>
s"you received a Voice Recording from ${vr.contactName}! Link: ${vr.link}"
}
}
模式守卫
为了让匹配更加具体，可以使用模式守卫，也就是在模式后面加上if表达式。
def showImportantNotification(notification: Notification, importantPeopleInfo: Seq[String]): String = {
notification match {
case Email(email, _, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(email) =>
"You got an email from special someone!"
case SMS(number, _) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(number) =>
"You got an SMS from special someone!"
case other =>
showNotification(other) // nothing special, delegate to our original showNotification function
}
}
val importantPeopleInfo = Seq("867-5309", "jenny@gmail.com")
val someSms = SMS("867-5309", "Are you there?")
val someVoiceRecording = VoiceRecording("Tom", "vr.org/id/123")
val importantEmail = Email("jenny@gmail.com", "Drinks tonight?", "I'm free after 5!")
val importantSms = SMS("867-5309", "I'm here! Where are you?")
println(showImportantNotification(someSms, importantPeopleInfo)) // You got an SMS from special someone!
println(showImportantNotification(someVoiceRecording, importantPeopleInfo)) //you received a Voice Recording from Tom! Link: vr.org/id/123
println(showImportantNotification(importantEmail, importantPeopleInfo)) // You got an email from special someone!
println(showImportantNotification(importantSms, importantPeopleInfo)) //You got an SMS from special someone!
在case Email(email, _ , _ ) if importantPeopleInfo.contains(email)中，除了要求notification是Email类型外，还需要email在重要人物列表importantPeopleInfo中，才会匹配到该模式。
密封类
特质（trait）和类（class）可以用sealed标记为密封的，这意味着其所有子类都必须与之定义在相同文件中，从而保证所有子类型都是已知的。
sealed abstract class Furniture
case class Couch() extends Furniture
case class Chair() extends Furniture
def findPlaceToSit(piece: Furniture): String = piece match {
case a: Couch => "Lie on the couch"
case b: Chair => "Sit on the chair"
}
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