Evolving Our Bodies 1

Here's a question that matters.

Right? Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves. 

And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants and we can evolve animals, and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask, is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings? 

ps:我们可以进化细菌，我们可以进化植物，我们可以进化动物，我们现在到了一个我们必须问的地步，这真的是道德的吗，我们想进化人类吗？

evolve逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变; 进化; 进化形成

bacteria细菌; bacterium的复数

plants植物; 发电厂; 工厂; 大型机器，设备; 栽种; 种植; 播种; 在栽种; 立稳; 竖立; 安放; plant的第三人称单数和复数

animals兽; 牲畜; 动物; animal的复数

reaching到达; 抵达; 引起…的注意; 增加到，提升到; reach的现在分词

have to必须; 不得不; 劝告或建议时用; 表示一定真实或肯定发生

ask问; 询问; 要求; 请求; 恳求; 征求

ethical道德的; 伦理的; 合乎道德的

want to应该

human beings人; human being的复数

And as you're thinking about that, let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics, prosthetics past, present, future.

ps:当你在想这个的时候，让我在假肢，假肢的过去，现在，未来的背景下谈谈。

thinking思想; 思考; 思维; 想法; 见解; 思想的; 有理智的; 有思考力的; 认为; 以为; 想; 思索; 琢磨; think的现在分词

about大约; 左右; 将近; 几乎; 到处; 处处; 各处; 关于; 对于; 目的是; 为了; 涉及…方面; 忙于; 从事于; 在附近的; 四处走动的; 在起作用的; 在流行中的

let允许; 让; 准许; 许可; 同意; 擦网球; 出租; 租借

talk about这才叫…;真是

prosthetics假体; 义肢; 假体制作; 义肢制作

past过去的; 昔日的; 刚过去的; 刚结束的; 从前的; 以往的; 过去; 昔日; 过去的事情; 过去的经历; 晚于; 在…之后; 在另一边; 到另一侧; 多于; 超过; 从一侧到另一侧; 经过; 过去，逝去

present现存的; 当前的; 出现; 在场; 出席; 存在; 礼物; 礼品; 目前; 现在; 把…交给; 颁发; 授予; 提出; 提交; 展现，显示，表现

future将来; 未来; 未来的事; 将来发生的事; 前景; 前途; 前程; 将来的; 未来的; 将来发生的

So this is the iron hand that belonged to one of the German counts. 

ps:这是德国伯爵的铁腕。

iron hand铁腕；高压手段

belonged应在; 适应; 合得来; belong的过去分词和过去式

one of…之一

German德国的; 同父母的；同祖父母的，同外祖父母的，嫡亲的; 德语

counts数数; 计算总数; 把…算入; 包括; 数出总数; 总数; 数数，点数; 量的计数; count的

He loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles. 

No problem, he just made a suit of armor, put it on, perfect prosthetic. 

ps:没问题，他只是做了一套盔甲，穿上，完美的假肢。

No problem没问题

just正好; 恰好; 正当…时; 不少于; 同样; 公正的; 正义的; 正当的; 合理的; 正直的人; 公正的人; 合适的; 恰当的

made…制造的; 制作…的; 制造; 做; 组装; 写; 出产; 制订; 铺床; make的过去分词和过去式

armor装甲；盔甲; 为…装甲

perfect完备的; 完美的; 完全的; 完全正确的; 准确的; 地道的; 优秀的; 最佳的; 使完善; 使完美; 使完备; 完成时

prosthetic假体的

That's where the concept of "ruling with an iron fist" comes from. 

And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful, more and more modern. 

You can hold soft-boiled eggs. 

You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that, there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics. 

ps:你可以有各种各样的控制，当你在想的时候，有很多像休·赫尔这样的优秀的人，他们一直在建造非常特别的假肢。

types of类型; 的型态; 债券的种类

controls管理权，控制权，支配权; 控制能力; 限制; 限定; 约束; 管理; 管制; 指挥; 控制; 掌管; 支配; 阻止蔓延; control的第三人称单数和复数

there are有; 可数名词的复数形式; 许多重要事情要谈

Hugh休; 男子名

have been来过

absolutely绝对地，完全地; 绝对不; 完全没有; 极其

extraordinary意想不到的; 令人惊奇的; 奇怪的; 不平常的; 不一般的; 非凡的; 卓越的; 特别的; 临时的

prosthetics假体; 义肢; 假体制作; 义肢制作

So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say, how tall do I want to be tonight? 

Or he will say what type of cliff do I want to climb? 

Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance? 

ps:或者有人想跑马拉松，或者有人想跳交际舞？

somebody同 someone; 某人;有人; 重要人物，大人物

want to应该

run跑; 奔跑; 跑步; 做跑步运动; 跑步的时间; 旅程，航程; 一段时光; 一系列

marathon马拉松赛跑(距离约42公里，合26英里); 马拉松式的活动; 需要极大持久力的

want要; 想要; 希望; 需要; 需要…在场; 需要的东西; 想望的东西; 缺少; 缺乏; 不足; 贫穷; 贫困; 匮乏

And as you adapt these things, the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body. 

So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They've become artificial hips. 

ps:所以这些外部假肢现在变成了人工膝盖。它们变成了人工髋关节。

external外部的; 外面的; 外界的; 外来的; 在外的; 来自以外的; 外部; 外面; 外观; 外部情况

prosthetics假体; 义肢; 假体制作; 义肢制作

now现在; 目前; 此刻; 从现在开始; 表示厌烦; 既然; 由于

become开始变得; 变成; 适合; 与…相称; 使显得漂亮; 使好看

artificial人工的; 人造的; 假的; 人为的; 非自然的; 虚假的; 假装的

knees膝; 膝盖; 膝关节; 膝部; 大腿朝上的面; 用膝盖顶; knee的第三人称单数和复数

've(=value engineering)价值工程学; 同“have”

hips臀部; 髋; 臀部…的; 野蔷薇果; hip的第三人称单数和复数

And then they've evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have.

So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic,  you're talking about something that isn't just, " I'm missing my leg,"  it's, "if I don't have this, I can die." 

ps:所以当你说心脏起搏器是假肢的时候，你说的不仅仅是“我的腿不见了”，而是“如果我没有这个，我会死的。”

when什么时候; 何时; 什么情况下; 什么场合下; 在那时; 其时; 当时; 当场; 在…时候; 当…时; 在…期间; 在…之后; 在任何…时候

talking说话; 讲话; 谈话; 讨论，谈论，商谈，洽谈; 讲，说; talk的现在分词

heart pacemaker心搏器；心起搏点

prosthetic假体的

something某事; 某物; 想来重要的事物; 大致，左右; 很，非常

isn信息系统及网络公司; 战俘编号；拘留犯编号(Internment Serial Number); 以色列海军

just正好; 恰好; 正当…时; 不少于; 同样; 公正的; 正义的; 正当的; 合理的; 正直的人; 公正的人; 合适的; 恰当的

missing找不到的; 不在的; 丢失的; 被去除的; 被损毁的; 缺少的; 失踪的; 未击中; 未得到; 未达到; 错过; 未见到; 未听到; 未觉察; 不理解; 不懂; miss的现在分词

leg腿; 动物的腿，腿肉; 裤腿; <口>走; 跑

die死; 死亡; 凋谢; 消失; 消亡; 灭亡; 停止运转; 模具; 冲模; 压模

And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship with the human body. 

ps:在这一点上，假肢就变成了与人体共生的关系。

point论点; 观点; 见解; 重点; 要点; 核心问题; 意图; 目的; 理由; 指，指向; 瞄准; 对着; 朝向

prosthetic假体的

becomes开始变得; 变成; 适合; 与…相称; 使显得漂亮; 使好看; become的第三人称单数

with和…在一起; 和; 同; 跟; 有; 具有; 带有; 用; 使用; 以; 借

human body人体

Questions:

1.Why does Enriquez believe prosthetics have the common ethical issue? 

They have the ability to radically change the human body.

2.According to Enriquez, how were prothetics originally used?

they allowed people to replace missing limbs.

3.How have  prosthetics evolved over time? 

They've become more customizable and necessary.

4.a symbiotic relationship is one in which...

both sides depend on each other for survival.

Fill in the blanks:

The interesting thing about prosthetics is that as you adapt them, they start coming inside the body. So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They've become artificial hips. And then they've evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have.

Put the sentences into correct order:

So this is the iron hand that belonged to one of the German counts. He loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles. No problem, he just made a suit of armor, put it on, perfect prosthetic. That's where the concept of "ruling with an iron fist" comes from. 

And as you adapt these things, the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body. So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They've become artificial hips. And then they've evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have.

Read and repeat the sentences：

1.A symbiotic relationship is one in which both sides depend on each other for survival.